<p>Lyford Cay is a private gated community located on the western tip of New Providence Island, Bahamas. Lyford Cay is named after Captain William Lyford Jr., a mariner of note in Colonial and Revolutionary times, and is built on a 448-acre grant he received for his services as a Loyalist in the American Revolution. Captain Lyford also received a 92-acre grant on Cat Island, Bahamas for playing a key role in Andrew Deveaux’s raid of mid-April 1783 that drove the Spanish from Nassau.</p><br>
<p>Considered one of the world&#39;s wealthiest and most exclusive neighborhoods, the Lyford Cay Club was built during the latter part of the 1950s by prominent Canadian businessman Edward Plunkett Taylor, who bought the land in 1954 from Bahamian developer Sir Harold Christie. In December 1962, U.S. President John F. Kennedy stayed at E. P. Taylor&#39;s home in Lyford Cay while he held talks with British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=t3YyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u-kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=894,941320&dq=lyford-cay+taylor&hl=en https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5h4rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xZwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1838,1709235&dq=lyford-cay+taylor&hl=en</p><br>
<p>Club members, most of whom hail from Britain, Canada, Cuba, France, Greece, Ireland, Switzerland, and the United States, can use a par-72 golf course, twelve tennis courts, a full-service marina, dining facilities, a post office, a private international school, and a mile-long private beach.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>* Louis Bacon, hedge fund businessman</p><br>
<p>* Nicholas F. Brady, the former Secretary of Treasury</p><br>
<p>* The Brenninkmeijer family</p><br>
<p>* the Bacardi family</p><br>
<p>* Sean Connery, actor</p><br>
<p>* Samantha Gregory, a Manhattan socialite</p><br>
<p>* Paul Hallingby, Jr., managing director emeritus of Bear Stearns & Company</p><br>
<p>* R. Couri Hay, a Couristan carpet heir and the society editor of Palm Beach magazine and Hamptons magazine</p><br>
<p>* Mark Holowesko, CEO and President of Templeton Capital Advisors, Ltd.</p><br>
<p>* Heidi Horten, Austrian businesswoman</p><br>
<p>* Alec and Gishlaine Head ( Horse owners, trainers and breeders) and their daughter Patricia</p><br>
<p>* Viktor Kozeny, Czech fugitive financier</p><br>
<p>* Joseph Lewis, British businessman</p><br>
<p>* George P. Livanos, Greek shipping tycoon</p><br>
<p>* George S. Livanos, Greek shipping tycoon</p><br>
<p>* Sean Mulryan, Irish property developer</p><br>
<p>* Sandra McConnell - Avon heiress</p><br>
<p>* Peter Nygard, Canadian fashion executive</p><br>
<p>* Dr. Sir Tony O&#39;Reilly, Irish media tycoon and his wife Chryss Goulandris, Lady O&#39;Reilly, a horse breeder and shipping heiress</p><br>
<p>* Corey Hart, Canadian Singer/Songwriter.</p><br>
<h3>Former residents</h3><br>
<p>* Henry Ford II, son of Edsel Ford, grandson of Henry Ford, former president of the Ford Motor Company</p><br>
<p>* Arthur Hailey, author</p><br>
<p>* H.H Prince Azamat Guirey, of the ruling family of Crimea</p><br>
<p>*Aga Khan IV, leader of the Ismaili Muslim grouping</p><br>
<p>* George Huntington Hartford II American businessman, heir to the A&P supermarket fortune.</p><br>
<p>* Charles Lazarus - founder of Toys "R" Us</p><br>
<p>* Robert Mosbacher, Oilman, Secretary of Commerce, Yachtsman and wife, Michele (Mica) Mosbacher,</p><br>
<p>* Stavros Niarchos, Greek shipping magnate</p><br>
<p>* Nicholas Nuttall, baronet, heir to construction fortune</p><br>
<p>* Vincent O&#39;Brien, racehorse trainer</p><br>
<p>* William S. "Bill" Paley, Jr., son of William S. Paley and Babe Paley</p><br>
<p>* Rainier III, Prince of Monaco</p><br>
<p>* Edward Samuel Rogers - CEO of Rogers Communications Inc.</p><br>
<p>*Tony Ryan, Irish aviation tycoon</p><br>
<p>* Sir John Templeton, investor and philanthropist</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>* In Mad Men: "The Jet Set" (season 2, episode 12), Joy (one of a group of wealthy nomads whom Don Draper meets in California), invites Don to accompany the group to Lyford Cay, then Capri.</p><br>
<p>* In The Nanny Diaries, Mrs. X and her son spend the holidays in Lyford Cay.</p><br>
<p>* Several films in the James Bond franchise, most notably Thunderball (1965), have been filmed in and around Lyford Cay.</p><br>
<p>Sandusky Speedway is a half-mile automobile race track located south of the city of Sandusky in Perkins Township, Erie County, Ohio, United States. The track features low banking in the turns and long straightaways. It has a layout similar to Martinsville Speedway.</p><br>
<p>Plans for a half-mile dirt track in Sandusky were first drawn up in 1948 by Tommy Warren. In 1950 the Lake Erie Stock Coupe Racing Association (LESCRA) purchased the land and the first race was held on May 14 of that year. Richard Brickly of Willard, Ohio won the race in a 1932 Ford coupe and received $103 in prizemoney.</p><br>
<p>The track was paved over in 1955 and a steel grandstand (replacing the old wooden stands) was added on the front straightaway, increasing the seating capacity from 3,500 to 5,000. The track was resurfaced in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Sandusky Speedway closed at the end of the 1969 season when the Decker family, then the current owners, elected to shut down the facility. It lay dormant for all of 1970 until a lease agreement was reached allowing the facility to re-open the following year. It has operated continuously since.</p><br>
<h2>History & Affiliations</h2><br>
<p>The speedway has enjoyed two brief affiliations with NASCAR in its history. Some NASCAR-sanctioned races were held at the track in 1952 and from 1987 to 1994, Sandusky Speedway ran events in what is now known as the Whelen All-American Series.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the track hosted the ARCA Lincoln Welders Truck Series for the first time.</p><br>
<p>Sandusky Speedway hosted weekly competition in Spectator Stock (an entry level division with four- and six-cylinder passenger cars with automatic transmissions), Street Stock, Sportsman, Modified and Sprint Car classes until the 2012 season when the Spectator Stock division and Sportman division were removed from the weekly racing schedule. In 2012 the speed plant went to a 3 division line up which included the Modified Division, Street Stock division and either the,, or the Supermodifieds rotating on the schedule. The Main Event Super Late Outlaw Bodied Series Championships XXVI (25) was held at the track after being held in Columbus in previous years.</p><br>
<p>2013 saw another shake up in the weekly racing schedule. Officials disbanded the Ohio Late Model series and added a Hobby Stock division, similar to the Spectator Stock division however without racing enhancements - keeping the cars stock and prohibiting racing tires, racing engine parts, any changes to the stock car parts, etc. During the season and a week before the 36th Annual Hy-Miler, weather hit the track hard with heavy rainfalls - once the rain had passed officials spent several days pumping water out of the turns, in-field, pits and parking area. It is estimated that 3.7 million gallons were pumped off the property.</p><br>
<p>It serves as an important hub for Supermodified racing, hosting an annual round of the International Supermodified Association (ISMA) as well as three rounds each year of the (MSA) championship. The importance of this series is such that Oswego Speedway in New York - considered the home of Supermodified racing - is closed when the MSA races come to Sandusky. In turn, Sandusky Speedway closes on the weekend of the annual Oswego Classic.</p><br>
<h2>Track champions</h2><br>
<p>1950-George Fosco</p><br>
<p>Nilkantha  is a major peak of the Garhwal division of the Himalayas, in the Uttarakhand region of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Although substantially lower than the highest peaks of the region, it towers dramatically over the valley of the Alaknanda River and rises 3,474 m above the Hindu pilgrimage site of Badrinath, only 9 km to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Satopanth Glacier lies on the northwest side of Nilkantha, below a 2,500 m face of the peak. The Panpatia Glacier lies to the southwest, and feeds the Khirao Ganga, a stream running under the south side of the peak. Further away, to the west of the peak, lies the well-known Gangotri Glacier and its associated peaks. Across the Alaknanda valley lie the Kamet and Nanda Devi groups.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>(Sanskrit नीलकण्ठ; nīla="blue", ="throat") is one the Hindu deity, Shiva&#39;s many epithets.</p><br>
<p>In Hindu mythology, there was initially no mountain on the spot where Nilkantha stands today. There was an adage route between Kedarnath and Badrinath. The "Purahita" or the worshiper of the two temples worshiped them in one day. This continued for a long time until due to some sins of the worshiper, Lord Shiva became displeased with him and stood blocking the way as a huge sky-kissing mountain, which is said to be modern Nilkantha.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>With its steep ridges and faces, Nilkantha resisted seven climbing attempts, beginning with Frank Smythe in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The peak was purportedly first climbed on 13 June 1961, by an expedition led by Col. Narinder Kumar, with Shri O.P. Sharma and Sherpas Lakpa Giyalbu and Phurba Lobsang reaching the summit. They placed their base camp on the Satopanth Glacier and ascended via the north face. Jagdish Nanavati, Honorary Secretary of the Himalayan Club, Bombay, studied the ascent and came to the conclusion that the expedition had gravely underestimated the route and faltered far below the summit in bad weather. Nevertheless, a committee of the Indian Mountaineering Foundation ratified the ascent late in 1963, though they recommended the expedition to be repeated the next year to confirm the terrain and timing.</p><br>
<p>The generally accepted first ascent was made on 3 June 1974 by Sonam Pulzor, Kanhiya Lal, Dilip Singh, and Nima Dorje of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police. The expedition was led by S. P. Chamoli. After unsuccessfully attempting the west ridge, they reached the summit via the north face, making three camps above base camp.</p><br>
<p>The second ascent of Nilkantha was only in 1993 by an international team under Col. H.S. Chauhan via the north-east ridge. No fewer than 32 climbers made the summit between 31 May and 2 June.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, five British climbers led by Martin Moran made the third ascent and the first ascent over the west ridge. In November 2001, the Slovenian climbers Marko Prezelj and Matic Jost repeated this route. In 2007, the Himalayan Club Calcutta claimed an ascent via the west ridge as well, but their climb was later shown to have stopped about 150 metres below the highest point on the mountain. The Indian Mountaineering Foundation (IMF) has not yet formally rejected the claim.</p><br>
<p>The leader of the 2007 Himalayan Club Kolkata Section AVM (Retd) Apurva Bhattacharya had made detailed technical representation on their claimed ascent up to the Summit ridge of Nilkanth. An Internal Authentication committee was set us by IMF to study the contention</p><br>
<p>of the 2007 team. On detailed analysis, the authentication committee concluded that the 2007 team had indeed reached the summit ridge of Nilkanth and deemed this expedition to be successful. Communication to this end was made by IMF to the Expedition leader vide letter dated 6 August 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Red Forest  is the 10 km&sup2; area surrounding the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant within the Exclusion Zone located in Polesia. The name "Red Forest" comes from the ginger-brown colour of the pine trees after they died following the absorption of high levels of radiation from the Chernobyl accident on 26 April 1986. In the post-disaster cleanup operations, the Red Forest was bulldozed and buried in "waste graveyards". The site of the Red Forest remains one of the most contaminated areas in the world today.</p><br>
<h2>Disaster and cleanup</h2><br>
<p>The Red Forest is located in the zone of alienation; this area received the highest doses of radiation from the Chernobyl accident and the resulting clouds of smoke and dust, heavily polluted with radiation. The trees died from this radiation. The explosion and fire at the Chernobyl No. 4 reactor contaminated the soil, water and atmosphere with radioactive material equivalent to that of 20 times the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.</p><br>
<p>In the post-disaster cleanup operations, a majority of the pine trees were bulldozed and buried in trenches by the "liquidators". The trenches were then covered with a thick carpet of sand and planted with pine saplings. Many fear that as the trees decay, radioactive contaminants will leach into the ground water. People have evacuated the contaminated zone around the Red Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife refuge</h2><br>
<p>As humans were evacuated from the area in 1986, animals moved in despite the radiation. The flora and fauna of the Red Forest have been dramatically affected by the accident. It seems that the biodiversity of the Red Forest has increased in the years following the disaster. There are reports of some stunted plants in the area. Wild boar multiplied eightfold between 1986 and 1988.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Red Forest remains one of the most contaminated areas in the world. However, it has proved to be an astonishingly fertile habitat for many endangered species. The evacuation of the area surrounding the nuclear reactor has created a lush and unique wildlife refuge. In the 1996 BBC Horizon documentary "Inside Chernobyl&#39;s Sarcophagus", birds are seen flying in and out of large holes in the structure of the former nuclear reactor. The long-term impact of the fallout on the flora and fauna of the region is not fully known, as plants and animals have significantly different and varying radiologic tolerance. Some birds are reported with stunted tail feathers (which interferes with breeding). Storks, wolves, beavers, deer, and eagles have been reported in the area.</p><br>
<p>Today, radiation levels in the Red Forest can be as high as one roentgen per hour, but levels of ten milliröntgens per hour are more common. More than 90% of the radioactivity of the Red Forest is concentrated in the soil.</p><br>
<p>Scientists are planning to use the nearby radioactive and abandoned town of Pripyat, and surrounding area, as a unique laboratory for modelling the dispersal of radionuclides by the detonation of a dirty bomb or an attack with chemical or biological agents. The area offers an unparalleled opportunity to fully understand the passage of radioactive debris through an urban and rural area.</p><br>
<p>The nature of the area seems to have not only survived, but flourished due to significant reduction of human impact. The zone has become a "Radiological Reserve", a classic example of an involuntary park. Currently, there is concern about contamination of the soil with strontium-90 and caesium-137, which have half-lives of about 30 years. The highest levels of caesium-137 are found in the surface layers of the soil where they are absorbed by plants, and insects living there today. Some scientists fear that radioactivity will affect the land for the next several generations.</p><br>
<p>In April 2015, a large forest fire burning nearly 400 hectares came within twenty kilometres of the abandoned nuclear power plant, raising fears the flames would burn shrub and woodland surrounding the disaster zone. This in turn could have released radioactive material into the atmosphere.</p><br>
<p>Kanozero  is a lake on the Umba River in Murmansk Oblast in Russia.</p><br>
<p>The lake is 32 km long and between three and six kilometers wide. It is situated about halfway between Lake Umbozero and the White Sea. The Umba river enters the lake on the east side, about five kilometers from its northern end. Two of the Umba&#39;s main tributaries, the Kana and the Muna rivers, flow into the Umba through Lake Kanozero.</p><br>
<p>The lake has two outflow channels: At Zasheyek-Kanozero at the very southern end of the lake the Rodvinga channel exits through the Kanoserskiy Falls, while five kilometers to the northeast the Kitsa channel leaves the lake over the Padun Falls. The channels rejoin in Lake Ponchozero about ten kilometers downriver.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kanozero is also known for the Kanozero Petroglyphs.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex  is a huge 50-million-year-old extinct caldera complex that spans across the British Columbia-Yukon border in Canada. It is located near the western end of the West Arm of Bennett Lake. The caldera complex is surrounded by granitic rocks containing pendants.</p><br>
<p>It is located near the eastern contact of the Coast Plutonic Complex and the Whitehorse Trough. There are thick series of pyroclastic and epiclastic rocks at the caldera. Remnants of this huge caldera complex are preserved near Bennett Lake in the Coast Mountains. The complex compose the Skukum Group.</p><br>
<h2>Formation and eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>The Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex was formed when the ancient Kula Plate was subducting under North America during the early Eocene period. Cataclysmic eruptions from the Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex were from vents along arcuate fracture systems that spewed out about of glowing avalanches of pyroclastic rock called pyroclastic flows. Evacuation of the underlying magma chamber was followed by several stages of collapse to form two calderas, one nested inside the other, that produced an elliptical depression by across. The calderas were from to deep. Volcanism continued for some time after the caldera collapse. High level andesite and rhyolite dikes and intrusive bodies crosscut volcanic flows and tuffs at all levels. Dike swarms are emplaced along ring fractures and fault zones at the southwest edge of the caldera. Near the dying stages of the volcano, magma surged upward and arched the roof of the magma chamber into a broad dome with relief of about.</p><br>
<p>Ona is a village and an island group located in Sandøy Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The tiny island of Ona and the larger island of Husøy are separated by a shallow 15 m wide waterway. The two islands are collectively referred to as Ona. The islands are located 4 km northwest of the island of Sandøya.</p><br>
<p>The historic village of Ona covers most of the tiny island of Ona. On the Onakalven cliff, the highest point on Ona, is the Ona Lighthouse which was built in 1867. The lighthouse and the tiny island itself has become a well known tourist spot in Western Norway. It has a ferry connection with the other islands in Sandøy and to the island of Gossa in Aukra Municipality.</p><br>
<p>The island has a population of about 40, with a gradually diminishing population for the last 50 years. Ona has been populated for centuries because of the proximity to the fishing grounds further out to the Atlantic Ocean, and fishing has traditionally been the only source of income. Lately, several pottery artists have moved to the island.</p><br>
<p>Church of the Holy Trinity is an Episcopal church on Rittenhouse Square in Philadelphia. The first service in the church building, designed by Scottish architect John Notman, was held on March 27, 1859. The corner tower was added in 1867 and was designed by George W. Hewitt of the firm of Fraser, Furness & Hewitt. It is designed in the simpler "low church" style, rather than the fancier "high church" or Anglo-Catholic style of Notman&#39;s nearby St. Marks Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The churchs rector from 1862 to 1869 was Phillips Brooks, probably most famous as the author of the lyrics to the familiar Christmas carol "O Little Town of Bethlehem". Renowned (and sometimes reviled) for his ebullient homilies and his staunch opposition to slavery, Brooks delivered a eulogy to Abraham Lincoln in the church on April 23, 1865, following the USA Presidents assassination on April 14. This sermon was reprinted and widely read. After the end of the American Civil War, Brooks took a sabbatical from the church to travel to Europe, Israel and Palestine. His visit to Bethlehem inspired him to write a poem for his Sunday School students, and for the church&#39;s 1868 Christmas season he had church organist Louis Redner set the poem to music. The result was “O Little Town of Bethlehem."</p><br>
<p>In 1869, Brooks became rector of Trinity Church, Boston, where he oversaw the design, decoration and construction of Trinitys new Back Bay facility from 1872 to 1877 following the original churchs destruction in Boston&#39;s Great Fire of 1872.</p><br>
<p>Philadelphia&#39;s Church of the Holy Trinity is also known for its numerous stained-glass windows, including five by Louis Comfort Tiffany and one by Luc-Olivier Merson.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Church of the Holy Trinity&#39;s mission is, "In the name of Christ to deepen our faith, to enlarge our community and to act on our beliefs." Sunday services are at 8:30 and 11am; with a special service for children and families called "Joyful Noise" at 9:45 on the first Sunday of the month. CHT is a welcoming and affirming community where all are welcome.</p><br>
<p>The Saugatucket River is a river in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It flows approximately 13 km . There are three dams along the river&#39;s length.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river begins in a small pond east of Deer Ridge Drive in North Kingstown. From there, it flows south through South Kingstown to its mouth at Silver Spring Cove, south of the village of Wakefield.</p><br>
<h2>Crossings</h2><br>
<p>Below is a list of all crossings over the Saugatucket River. The list starts at the headwaters and goes downstream.</p><br>
<p>*South Kingstown</p><br>
<p>**Mooresfield Road (RI 138)</p><br>
<p>**Broad Rock Road</p><br>
<p>**Saugatucket Road</p><br>
<p>**Kersey Road</p><br>
<p>**Kingstown Road (RI 108)</p><br>
<p>**Church Street</p><br>
<p>**Main Street</p><br>
<p>**Silver Lake Avenue</p><br>
<p>**U.S. 1</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Fresh Meadow and Rocky Brooks are the only two named tributaries of the Saugatucket River, though it has many unnamed streams that also feed it.</p><br>
<p>Mount Adatara is a stratovolcano in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.</p><br>
<p>It is located about 15 kilometres southwest of the city of Fukushima and east of Mount Bandai. Its last known eruption was in 1996. An eruption in 1900 killed 72 workers at a sulfur mine located in the summit crater.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is actually multiple volcanoes forming a broad, forested massif. It abuts Mount Azuma, a dormant volcano to the north. The peak is called Minowa-yama. It is the highest peak in the Adatara range, which stretches about 9 km in a north-south direction.</p><br>
<p>The active summit crater is surrounded by hot springs and fumaroles. Sulfur mining was carried out in the 19th century, and 72 mine workers were killed in an eruption in 1900. Poems about Mount Adatara by Kōtarō Takamura from his book "Chieko-sho" helped make it famous.</p><br>
<p>Old Main is the second building on the campus of Arizona State University, in Tempe, Arizona. It was built in 1898, 14 years before Arizona became a state. In 1985, Old Main was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Dedication</h2><br>
<p>Dedicated in February 1898, Old Main was originally all classrooms on the second and third floor, with an auditorium (the Assembly Hall) on the upper floor and a library on the lower level (which now houses the university&#39;s telephone service unit). In 1911, Theodore Roosevelt came to Arizona for the dedication of the Roosevelt Dam, and spoke on the steps of Old Main. In his speech, he envisioned the opportunities the dam and the resulting irrigation for farming would create for Arizona and opined that some day perhaps as many as 100,000 people might live in the valley. The dam made possible the Salt River Project and eventually led to the evolution of the Salt River Valley as a major metropolitan area.</p><br>
<h2>Largest building</h2><br>
<p>For decades, Old Main was the largest building in the Valley. Its significance to the development of both Tempe and the university was great. After Old Main was built, alumni went to the legislature to ask that the admission standards be raised, in order to bring the stature of the institution to the stature of the building.</p><br>
<p>Salcantay, Salkantay or Sallqantay  is the highest peak in the Vilcabamba mountain range, part of the Peruvian Andes. It is located in the Cusco Region, about 60 km west-northwest of the city of Cusco. It is the 38th-highest peak in the Andes, and the twelfth-highest in Peru. However, as a range highpoint in deeply incised terrain, it is the second most topographically prominent peak in the country, after Huascarán.</p><br>
<p>Salcantay&#39;s proximity to Machu Picchu makes trekking around it an alternative to the oversubscribed Inca Trail; this is known as the Salkantay trek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Salkantay is from sallqa, a Quechua word meaning wild, uncivilized, savage, or invincible, and was recorded as early as 1583.</p><br>
<p>The name is thus often translated as "Savage Mountain".</p><br>
<p>Directly to the north of Salkantay lies Machu Picchu, which is at the end of a ridge that extends down from this mountain. Viewed from Machu Picchus main sundial, the Southern Cross is above Salkantays summit when at its highest point in the sky during the rainy season. The Incas associated this alignment with concepts of rain and fertility, and considered Salkantay to be one of the principal deities controlling weather and fertility in the region west of Cuzco.</p><br>
<h2>Mountaineering</h2><br>
<p>Salcantay is a large, steep peak with great vertical relief, particularly above the low valleys to the north, which are tributaries of the Amazon River.</p><br>
<p>The standard route on the mountain is the Northeast ridge. Accessing the route typically involves three days of travel from Cusco. The climb involves about 1,800 m of vertical gain, on glacier, snow, ice, and some rock.</p><br>
<h3>Mountaineering history</h3><br>
<p>Salcantay was first climbed in 1952 by a French-American expedition comprising Fred D. Ayres, David Michael, Jr., John C. Oberlin, W. V. Graham Matthews, Austen F. Riggs, George Irving Bell, Claude Kogan, M. Bernard Pierre, and Jean Guillemin. All except Oberlin, Riggs, and Guillemin reached the summit. Two years later Fritz Kasparek fell through a cornice near the summit on the NE ridge.</p><br>
<p>On June 17, 2013 Nathan Heald (USA), Thomas Ryan (USA), and Luis Crispin (Peru) made the summit at 10:30am after nine hours of climbing from a high camp at 5,500 m. on the NE ridge. This makes Crispin the first Peruvian climber to summit the mountain. The team took a reading of 6,279 m, S 13° 20.027’, W 72° 32.596’, on a GPS device. On July 31, 2013 a second team led by Nathan Heald (USA), consisting of James Lissy (USA) and Edwin Espinoza Sotelo (Peru) make the summit by the NE ridge. Due to glacial retreat, the route is now calculated to be graded D on the French adjectival scale. This makes Heald the only person to have summited the mountain twice.</p><br>
<p>Dhansiri is the main river of Golaghat District of Assam and the Dimapur District of Nagaland. It originates from Laisang peak of Nagaland. It flows through a distance of 352 km from south to north before joining the Brahmaputra on its south bank. Its total catchment area is 1,220 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>While flowing as the boundary between Karbi Anglong and Nagaland, it flanks a large wilderness very rich in wildlife. On one side is the Dhansiri Reserved Forest and on the other Intanki National Park.</p><br>
<p>It has several types of important wood bearing trees along its bank like Intanki Forest. Dhansari river along with Kapili by headward erosion has completely isolated the Mikir hills from the Peninsular plateau. There are numerous perennially waterlogged swampy region locally known as bils associated with this river.</p><br>
<p>Child of the Sun, also known as the Florida Southern College Architectural District is a group of buildings designed for the campus of the Florida Southern College in Lakeland, Florida, United States, by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright from 1941 through 1958. The buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and together form one of the largest collections of buildings by the architect. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on March 2, 2012. On April 18, 2012, the AIA&#39;s Florida Chapter ranked it eighth on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<p>Annie Pfeiffer Chapel - first completed Frank Lloyd Wright structure on the campus, dedicated 1941</p><br>
<p>Seminars (now the Financial Aid and Business Office) - completed 1941</p><br>
<p>Buckner Building (original Roux Library) - completed 1946</p><br>
<p>Watson/Fine Building (Administration Building) - completed 1949</p><br>
<p>Water Dome - partially completed 1949, completed and restored in 2007 to Wright&#39;s original plans</p><br>
<p>Danforth Chapel - completed 1955</p><br>
<p>Ordway Building (originally called the Industrial Arts Building) - completed 1952</p><br>
<p>Polk County Science Building (called Polk Science by faculty and students) - completed 1958</p><br>
<p>The Esplanades - various completion times, currently undergoing restoration around the campus</p><br>
<h2>Child of the Sun Visitor Center</h2><br>
<p>Opened in 1992, the "Child of the Sun" Visitor Center displays photographs, furniture, and drawings depicting Wright&#39;s relationship with Florida Southern College. The Center also displays changing exhibits on loan from other sites associated with Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>The Center is located in the Thad Buckner Building in the William M. Hollis Exhibition and Seminar Room, and is open during the week. A gift shop is on site, and the Center offers seasonal guided tours of the Wright-designed buildings by appointment only.</p><br>
<p>Hurrungane  is a mountain range in the municipalities Luster and Årdal in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. The area is southwest in the larger mountain range Jotunheimen and is also part of Jotunheimen National Park.</p><br>
<p>The range has some of the most alpine peaks in Norway, and has 23 peaks over 2,000 m (counting peaks with larger prominence than 30 m). Several of the peaks are only accessible through climbing or glacier crossings. The starting point for hiking is the village of Turtagrø along the national tourist road, Sognefjellsvegen (RV55).</p><br>
<p>The highest peaks in the area are</p><br>
<p>Store Skagastølstinden (Storen): 2,405 m</p><br>
<p>Store Styggedalstinden: 2,387 m</p><br>
<p>Jervvasstind (Gjertvasstind): 2,351 m</p><br>
<p>Sentraltind: 2,348 m</p><br>
<p>Vetle Skagastølstind: 2,340 m</p><br>
<p>Midtre Skagastølstind: 2,284 m</p><br>
<p>Skagastølsnebbet: 2,222 m</p><br>
<p>Store Austanbotntind: 2,202 m</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Hurrungane is the finite plural of a word hurrung. Hurrungen, the finite singular of the same word, is the names of two mountains in Rauma and Skjåk. The first element is the verb hurra which means "hurry, move fast (with noise and roar)". The last element is the suffix -ung, referring to an active thing/person. The actual mountains are steep, and there are frequent rockslides and avalanches from the hillsides. The meaning of the name is then "the noisemakers".</p><br>
<p>Lake Rousseau is a reservoir on the Withlacoochee River in central Florida, on the boundary of Levy County to the north-west, Marion County to the north-east, and Citrus County to the south. It was created in the early 1900s when the river was dammed. Florida Power Corp operated a hydroelectric plant from 1909 to 1965 at the western end of the lake. Power output was approximately 10,000 HP, or 7.45 MW.</p><br>
<p>The lake is about 35 miles (55 km) west of Ocala and 10 miles (15 km) east from the Gulf Coast. As well as forming part of the Withlacoochee River, it is also fed by the Rainbow River and Lake Panasoffkee to the east. It is approximately twelve miles long by one mile wide, covering an area of c. 3,700 acres (15 km²). To the west is part of the uncompleted Cross Florida Barge Canal leading to the Gulf.</p><br>
<p>The lake forms the centerpiece for the Lake Rousseau State Recreation Area and Campground.</p><br>
<p>The Tamina is a river in Switzerland that originates on the flanks of Piz Sardona in the Glarus Alps and flows eastwards and northwards to finally merge with the Alpine Rhine after about 18 km total length.</p><br>
<p>Along its way it flows into the reservoir Lake Gigerwald in the Calfeisen valley. At Vättis it is joined by the Gorbsbach, and flows northeast into the Mapraggsee. The lower section, heading northwards through Bad Pfäfers, forms a deep and narrow gorge called the Taminaschlucht. Finally, it meets the Rhine river near Bad Ragaz.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the Tamina valley (Taminatal, also Vättnertal) was owned by the Pfäfers Abbey, joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803.</p><br>
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<p>The Washington County Jail is a log, one-room jail previously used in Oregon. It was built in 1853 and was used until 1870. In 1986, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is preserved by the Washington County Museum in Washington County, Oregon, United States and is exhibited outside of the museum near its entrance. In 2008, the building was de-listed from the NRHP.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1853, the first Washington County Jail opened. It was built at Fourth and Washington Streets in Hillsboro, Oregon by William Brown for a cost of $900. During its use, two people died while confined to the jail, and a baby was born after it ceased being used as a jail. One of those dying in the jail was former Hudson&#39;s Bay Company employee William Burris who killed his family in 1855 in a drunken rage. However, despite rumors, American Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant was not jailed here while he was posted to Oregon before the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, the building was sold to the Cave family. They lived in it briefly while their house was built, and then used the structure as an outbuilding. In 1953 the structure was moved to the Washington County Fairgrounds where it remained until 2003. Beginning in 2003, the building was restored at a cost of $75,000 and relocated from the county fairgrounds to the Washington County Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Currently</h3><br>
<p>In 1986, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Then in 2003 the building was disassembled and restored. In September 2008, the museum decided to move the jail outside, and in March 2009 the old log jail was relocated outside and became an outdoor exhibit on the grounds of the museum.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The one room, 160 ft&sup2; wooden structure weighs 12,000 pounds. The jail was built in three months using Douglas fir timbers. The building originally housed a bucket, ankle chains, and straw mattresses.</p><br>
<p>The George D. Birkhoff House is a historic house located at 22 Craigie Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 for its association with Harvard University Professor George David Birkhoff , one of the most important mathematicians of his time.</p><br>
<p>The house is a three story Second Empire wood frame structure with a mansard roof. Its date of construction is not known, but is surmised to be sometime before the 1890s. The house is not architecturally distinguished, but its exterior has not been significantly altered since its construction. The interior, which follows a center hall plan, has had modernizing alterations, including conversion of the front parlor to have a cathedral ceiling, and the addition of modern plumbing facilities.</p><br>
<p>George David Birkhoff was born in Michigan and educated at the University of Chicago and Harvard in mathematics. In 1912 he accepted a teaching position at Harvard, where he remained for the rest of his life. Birkhoff was influential in advancing the field of mathematics, solving Poincaré&#39;s "last geometric theorem", and developing what is now called the ergodic theorem, a thesis important in statistical physics and the study of dynamic systems. Virtually every honor available to mathematicians was bestowed on him during his lifetime, and there is a prize named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Birkhoff lived in this house for eight years, from 1920 to 1928. It was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Woodward & Lothrop Service Warehouse is a historic warehouse located in the NoMa neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It was designated a District of Columbia Historic Landmark in 1993, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The building is visible from the NoMa – Gallaudet University Metro station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The warehouse was designed by Abbot, Merkt & Company, a group of architects noted for their work in designing warehouses, and was constructed between 1937 and 1939. Built to incorporate areas for service, storage, and delivery, it is one of the few examples of such a mixed-use warehouse still extant in the Washington area. The structure is considered to be the most ambitious warehouse built in the area before World War II, and is one of the city&#39;s largest warehouses. The property was owned by Woodward & Lothrop until the company foundered in 1995. It was subsequently taken over by the Bristol Group, a San Francisco-based company, and converted to office space. Tenants include the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architecturally, the building is considered notable because it was constructed in the Streamline Moderne style; unusually for a warehouse, its design was not meant to be merely utilitarian. According to the District&#39;s Historic Preservation Office, it was this "highly refined architectural expression unusual for utilitarian structure" that led, in part, to its recognition as a historic structure.</p><br>
<p>One of the most prominent features of the building is its large pink neon sign, identifying it as a Woodward & Lothrop property, which remains on the buildings exterior. There are no plans to remove the sign, as it is considered an integral part of the buildings historic nature.</p><br>
<p>Along with the Lothrop Mansion, the warehouse is one of two D.C. Historic Landmarks directly associated with now-defunct department store chain Woodward & Lothrop.</p><br>
<p>The Lluta River is a river located in the northern portion of the Arica y Parinacota Region of Chile. Its headwaters are on the western flanks of the Andes of the Parinacota Province, just a few kilometers south of the border with Peru, and empties into the Pacific Ocean about 4 km north of the city of Arica.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Lluta originates at the confluence of the Quebrada Caracarani (which rises from the slopes of the Tacora volcano) and the Azufre River, at an elevation about 3,900 m asl. Along its first 36 km, the river flows southeast and then slowly begins to turn towards the west. In its descent to the lower elevations of the valley, the river starts to run through a canyon carved by the same river in rhyolite tuffs and other sediments scarcely joined.</p><br>
<p>In the vicinity of Socoroma, the river turns directly west and just past the canyon terminus, the river begins to widen. In Chironta, about 70 km from the sea, appear the first farms, whose foods are of a great importance for the consume of local people. Finally, the river empties into Pacific Ocean at an extensive beach, just a few kilometers north of Arica.</p><br>
<p>The hydrologic regime of the river basin is rain-dominated. The increase of its water volume occurs mainly in January and February, as a consequence of the phenomenon known as Bolivian Winter.</p><br>
<p>Under the Chilean proposal of 1975 to resolve the Atacama border dispute, the Lluta River would have become the northern border of Chile, and Bolivia would control the narrow strip between the river and the southern border of Peru.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>Apart from its problems of salinity and acidity, the river has very elevated levels of boron, arsenic, and sulfate, among other pollutants, which restricts the agricultural activities that can be developed along the river banks. The river water is used only for irrigation of pastureland and crops which tolerate poor water quality, such as onions and potatoes.</p><br>
<p>The Orpheum Theater is a theater in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Also known as the RKO Orpheum, it was designed by G. Albert Lansburgh, built in 1918, and opened for vaudeville in 1921. The Beaux Arts style building has 1,500 seats. Soon after opening it became a movie house. In 1983, the Orpheum was scheduled for demolition but was acquired by the New Orleans Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, and underwent a $3 million renovation. It served as the orchestras home theater until the orchestras financial demise in 1991. Under new ownership, the Orpheum became the home of the newly formed Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO), whose musicians prized the auditorium for its acoustical purity. The theater is an example of "vertical hall" construction, initially built to provide perfect sight lines and acoustics for vaudeville shows which didn&#39;t have the benefit of amplifiers or modern lighting.</p><br>
<p>Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, the Orpheum Theater was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina floodwaters and was sold to a Dallas businessman. It was then sold to Axiom Global Properties in 2011 (formerly Orpheum Properties, Inc.). Neither of these owners succeeded in restoring the theater to commerce. The theater was purchased in February 2014 by Dr. Eric George. Dr. George partnered with builder Roland Von Kurnatowski, owner of Tipitina&#39;s, and completed a $13 million renovation.</p><br>
<p>The theater reopened in August 2015. The first event was held on September 17, 2015 with a performance by the Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO). The LPO will be the anchor tenant for the theatre.</p><br>
<p>The River Irvine  is a river that flows through southwest Scotland. Its watershed is on the Lanarkshire border of Ayrshire at an altitude of 810 ft above sea-level, near Loudoun Hill, Drumclog, and 7 mi SW by W of Strathaven. It flows 29½ miles westward, dividing the old district of Cunninghame from that of Kyle, until it reaches the sea via Irvine Harbour in the form of the Firth of Clyde, and flows into Irvine Bay by the town of Irvine. It has many tributaries, some of which form parish, district and other boundaries.</p><br>
<h2>The course of the Irvine and its tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The River Irvine rises in two head-waters, the one in a moss at Meadow-head, on the eastern boundary of the parish of Loudoun or of Ayrshire, and the other a mile eastward in the parish of Avondale in Lanarkshire, near the battle-field of Drumclog.</p><br>
<p>About 2¾ miles from the point of its entering Ayrshire, it is joined from the north by Glen water, which strictly speaking is the parent stream, on account of its length and the volume of water it carries; for the Glen Water rises at Crosshill in Renfrewshire, a mile north of the East Ayrshire boundary, and runs 6 mi southward, joined by five rills (small streams) in its progress, to the point of confluence with the Irvine. Swollen by this substantial tributary, the Irvine immediately passes the town of Darvel on the right — 1¾ mile onward, the town of Newmilns — at 2¼ miles farther on, the town of Galston, on the left. The Hagg burn joins before the town, having run past the old ruined castle of Arclowden: Old Loudoun Castle or "The Old Place", near the present Loudoun castle. The Burnanne joins at Galston.</p><br>
<p>A mile and a quarter below Galston it receives from the north the Polbaith burn; ¾ of a mile lower down, it is joined from the south by the Cessnock water; and 3 mi later it passes Kilmarnock and Riccarton on opposite sides, and receives on its right bank the tributary of the Kilmarnock (or Marnock) Water. Nearly 22 mi onward, measured in a straight line, but 4 mi or upwards along its bed, it is joined on the same bank by Carmel Water; and 2½ miles farther on, it receives still on the same bank, the Annick Water&#39;s contribution. The river now runs 1½ mile in a north-west direction, passing through the town of Irvine; it then suddenly bends round until it follows a southerly direction; and opposite the town of Irvine, when running southward, it suddenly expands into a basin ¾ of a mile broad, which receives the Garnock river at its north-west extremity, and communicates by a narrow mouth or strait with the Firth (previously Frith) of Clyde. The course of the Irvine is recorded as having shifted in an old Eglinton Estates document, a map recording the previous course with a note that the water left the old riverbed in 1758. This altered the confluence of the River Irvine with the Annick Water.</p><br>
<p>The Irvine is tidal as far as the nature reserve at Shewalton, half-a-mile or so upstream from the confluence with the Annick Water.</p><br>
<p>The main contributing rivers and rivulets in descending order of their confluences are therefore the Glen Water, Polbaith Burn, Cessnock Water, Kilmarnock Water, Carmel Water, Annick Water, and the Garnock.</p><br>
<h3>Views of the River Irvine in 2007</h3><br>
<h3>Changing course</h3><br>
<p>Many watercourses have changed direction over the years for various reasons. The Kilmarnock Water used to run slightly to the west as it passes through the Howard Park in Kilmarnock, previously Barbadoes Green; the old fossilised river bank is still discernible. It is said that this was done deliberately by a Lord Boyd, the local laird, so that he could claim more land. The river formed the boundary and by moving it permanently he gained more land.</p><br>
<p>St. Winnan of Kilwinning is said to have made the River Garnock change its course and follow another "adverse to nature". The rivers mistake was to fail to deliver up any fish to one of the saints angler friends!</p><br>
<p>The Garnock, Annick and Irvine did not even have the same confluence within recorded history, for Timothy Ponts (1604–08) and Herman Molls (1745) maps show the Garnock emptying into the sea, about two miles (3 km) from the mouth of the Irvine. The Annick did not flow into the Garnock at this time and the Ardeer peninsula was an island. Subsequent to Pont&#39;s time, the sea came right up to the town, with vessels loading and unloading at the Seagate, which is now half-a-mile from the sea.</p><br>
<p>The Earl of Eglinton changed the course of the Lugton Water where it ran through what is now Eglinton Country Park.</p><br>
<p>Adamson records that a link once existed between the Carmel Water and the Fenwick Water so as to provide more water for the needs of cutlers and tinkers in Kilmaurs. The king allowed the diversion of water that would flow through the leg of a boot.</p><br>
<h3>Parish boundaries</h3><br>
<p>The parishes that border the river&#39;s south bank are Galston, Riccarton, and Dundonald; and on its north side are Loudoun, Kilmarnock, Kilmaurs, Dreghorn and Perceton, and Irvine.</p><br>
<h3>Country houses</h3><br>
<p>The presence of country estates effected the river and its tributaries, often through landscaping and engineering works such as weirs, embankments and minor alterations of its course. The feudal or Victorian estates of Loudoun castle (ruin), Cessnock house, Lanfine house, Holms house (ruin), Kilmarnock house (demolished), Peel house, Caprington, Fairlie house, Craig house (restored 2006), Newfield, Auchans (demolished), and Shewalton (demolished) were all connected with the River Irvine and on the banks of its tributaries are Craufurdland (Craufurdland Water) and Dean castle (Fenwick Water), the two joining to form the Kilmarnock Water; Rowallan, Tour house, Kilmaurs Place, Carmel Bank and Busbie castle (demolished) on the Carmel; Lainshaw (restored 2006), Chapelton (demolished), Annick Lodge, and Bourtreehill (demolished) on the Annick Water; Aiket, Bonshaw (demolished) and Kennox House on the Glazert, and Lambroughton on the Garrier. In the area around Stewarton the valley of the Annick Water was known as Strathannick. Dunlop house and Corsehill castle (ruin) are on the Clerkland Burn and Robertland House is on the Swinzie Burn, both of which flow into the Annick Water.</p><br>
<h3>Prehistoric sites</h3><br>
<p>A large procumbent boulder known on the OS map as the Carlins Stone lies next to the Carlin Burn near Craigends Farm below Camerons Moss in East Ayrshire. A Carl is a commoner, a husband or in a derogatory sense, a churl or male of low birth. More commonly the name Carlin was used as a derogatory term for a woman meaning an old hag. It is also said to be a corruption of the Gaelic word "Cailleach", meaning a witch or the old Hag, the Goddess of Winter. This would therefore be the Witch’s or Hag&#39;s Stone, one of several in Scotland with this name. It has been much visited at one time, with the clear remains of a footbridge running to it across the Hareshawmuir Water.</p><br>
<p>The Grannie Stane (or Granny Stane) is described as "one of Irvine&#39;s prehistoric puzzles", this boulder is either left behind from the Ice Age or is the last remaining stone of a stone circle – others were removed, by blasting, after the Irvine weir was constructed in 1895, but popular protests saved this remaining stone. The Grannie Stane is visible when the water is low. It is unlikely to have gained its name from various similar sounding Roman and Celtic deities.</p><br>
<h2>The river at work</h2><br>
<p>Many of the weirs, dams and fords on the rivers were built on or developed at natural stone dikes, which already raised the water level at that point.</p><br>
<p>In Kilmarnock in 1880 the Glencairn Mill stood near Riccarton, just before the two bridges, with a long lade running up to join the river near the Glenfield Iron Works; Richardland Brewery sat on the river bank and no doubt used its waters. A slaughter house sat where the Kilmarnock Water joins the Irvine, with an engine works just upstream from it. A Foundry, a forge and an engine works sat beside the Kilmarnock Water at Townholm.</p><br>
<p>A large number of mills existed along the length of the Annick Water, with only Cunninghamhead Mill still standing today (2006). The Corsehill Mills (corn and wool) were at Stewarton, powered by water from the Corsehill Burn, which arose from the Clerkland Burn. Lambroch Mill was located near Laigh Castleton Farm. Scroaggy or Fairliecrevoch Mill was a waulk mill for preparing cloth and existed until the 1960s, with its lade cutting across the large loop in the river near Ramstane. Downstream from Cunninghamhead was a sawmill and a corn mill existed in Perceton near the old church. Scroag or scrog is a crab apple or gnarled tree stumps in old Scots and this nickname well describes the area where the mill stood.</p><br>
<p>At Galston the Burnanne joins the Irvine. This tributary was famous for its rich jasper pebbles; semi-precious stones, which were collected, cut and polished for use in jewellery.</p><br>
<p>The gravel bed of rivers was an important source of income for millers and others who owned the rights of extraction. The gravel was sold for various farm and horticultural purposes, such as infilling drainage ditches, the surfacing of field entrances and driveways, road surfaces, horticulture, etc.</p><br>
<p>In 1656 a report to Oliver Cromwell describes the port of Irvine at being "clogged up and almost choked with sand." In 1760 Irvine was the third most important port in Scotland, behind Port-Glasgow and Leith second.</p><br>
<h2>The river at play</h2><br>
<p>The River Irvine and its tributaries have many leisure uses, such as sailing, swimming, fishing, riparian walks, etc. Irvine harbour is now officially closed as a commercial port and now houses a number of privately owned pleasure craft. It is also now home to part of the Scottish Maritime Museum with numerous vessels on display, including the Spartan, one of the last surviving Clyde puffers.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is a very popular pursuit and many angling clubs maintain the river and its banks, monitor fish stocks, report on pollution and carry out conservation measures. Pont in 1604 – 08 writes that salmon are plentiful in the River Irvine. The river contains, amongst others, brown trout, sea trout, salmon, eels, minnows, and sticklebacks.</p><br>
<p>Rivers have always been used for swimming and one such favourite swimming pool, called the Toad Hole is found near Ramstane on the Annick Water above Cunninghamhead. Many others exist, such as the Auld dam and the Munt on the Corsehill (Clerkland) burn at Stewarton, running into the Annick, which had Andra Sweelzies and the Ladies Dookin Hole.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries of the Irvine – 2007</h3><br>
<h2>Holy waters and mineral springs</h2><br>
<p>The Burnanne or Burnawn joins the Irvine at Galston. It is named after St Anne, said to be the mother of the Virgin Mary. The St Annes holy well is marked on the OS and lies above Bank wood, flowing into the Burn Anne. Marias well lies on the Byrebank burn, in the Loudoun castle policies, which runs down near Loudoun Academy to join the Irvine.</p><br>
<p>A mineral spring is recorded as being near Stewarton, North Ayrshire, called the Bloak Well. Robinson gives the Scots word blout as meaning the eruption of fluid&#39;. Bloak Well was first discovered in 1800, 1810, or in around 1826, by the fact that pigeons from neighbouring parishes flocked here to drink. Mr. Cunningham of Lainshaw built a handsome house over the well in 1833 and appointed a keeper to take care of it as the mineral water was of some value. The mineral well waters empty into the Glazert, which joins the Annick Water at Watermeetings near Cunninghamhead.</p><br>
<p>The Chapel Burn rises near the Anderson Plantation in the fields below Lainshaw Mains and it is marked as a chalybeate or mineral spring on the 1911 6" OS map. Bore holes nearby suggest that the water was put to a more formal use at one time, supplying cattle troughs or possibly even for a stand pipe as mineral water was popular for its supposed curative properties. According to the opinion of the day, it could cure ‘the colic, the melancholy, and the vapours; it made the lean fat, the fat lean; it killed flat worms in the belly, loosened the clammy humours of the body, and dried the over-moist brain. The main spring here has been covered over and the water piped out to the burn, which runs down to join the Annick Water at Chapeltoun Bridge.</p><br>
<p>In the woodland policies of Chapeltoun House is the Monks Well (OS 1974), fountain or spring as indicated on the OS maps going back as far as 1858. Its present appearance is probably as a Victorian or Edwardian whimsy or folly with a large, thick sandstone tombstone appearance with a slightly damaged cross carved in relief upon it and a spout through which the spring water once passed into a cast iron bowl. It seems unlikely from the workmanship that this stone and cross have anything to do with the old chapel, but one possibility is that it came from over the entrance door to Laigh Chapelton as the custom was for a Templar property to have the cross symbol of the order displayed in such a fashion. On the other hand, it could have been made for the Chapelton (old) House to associate the building with the Christian history of the site. The stone is unusually thick and has been clearly reworked to pass a spout through it. The OS record that in the 1970s a Mr. H. Gollan of Chapeltown stated that the Monks Well, was believed to have been associated with the chapel. In July 1956 the OS state that the Monks Well&#39; is a spring emerging through a stone pipe, situated in a stone-faced cutting in the hill slope, the spring water running into the Annick Water.</p><br>
<p>The Monks or Macks or Maaks Well at Kilmaurs, pronounced Manks Well runs into the Carmel beneath Kilmaurs Place. It is said that many years ago the local laird tried to prevent the local people from using the well. It dried up until the lord changed his mind, but has run continuously ever since. A few deaths have occurred here by drowning or by physical trauma</p><br>
<p>Next to the Kilmaurs-Glencairn church in Kilmaurs is a patch of woodland that was once an orchard. The Tour streamlet joins the Carmel nearby and before the confluence can be found an old well, arched over, known as the Ladys Well, with never-failing, excellent and refeshingly cool water. A small wooden bridge used to run across to the Ladys Well from the church glebe side.</p><br>
<p>Saint Inans well lies close to the river Irvine on a path running parallel to the Old Irvine Parish churchyard. It bears the date 839 AD (see photograph).</p><br>
<p>A monastic settlement and chapel of Saint Mary</p><br>
<p>St Winnans Well runs into the Garnock at Kilwinning and tradition ascribes healing properties to its holy waters. Dentibert well is on Mid Muir hill on the upper reaches of the Craufurdland water. A Lady&#39;s Well is also present near Auchmannoch farm on the upper reaches of the Craufurdland water.</p><br>
<h2>Minor tributaries</h2><br>
<p>A large number of burns and sykes run into the various Waters that eventually reach the Irvine. Many of these burns are either unnamed or the names are unrecorded. They are of interest in their own right as sources of local history through their etymology or as sites of historical events. The following list is not exhaustive and will be added to if printed evidence of otherwise lost names is uncovered.</p><br>
<p>Auchmannoch burn flows into the Cessnock water. Auchruglin burn flows into the Irvine at Greenholm in Newmilns. Auldhouse burn joins the Rough Skye burn and flows into the Pogiven burn, which itself flows into the Glen water, which joins the Irvine at Darvel. Balgray Burn flows into the Carmel Water. Bareshaw burn flows into the Glen water. Barneight burn joins the Cessnock water near Lawers bridge. Birk burn flows into Craigendunton Reservoir, its water flowing out as part of the Dunton water. Black Gill waters flow into the Pockinan burn, which joins the Hareshawmuir water. Black water flows into the Glazert water at Dunlop. Blacks burn joins the Cessnock water at Lawers bridge. Bog burn rises below Whitelee Hill and flows into the Hareshawmuir water. Bowhill burn joins the Hag Burn and flows into the Irvine at Galston. Brackenburn flows into the Garrier burn, then into the Carmel and finally into the Irvine at Springside. Brides burn flows into the Annick Water in Stewarton near Brides Bridge. Brocklees burn flows into the Glen water via the Mucks water. Bucht burn rises at Todhills Moss and flows into the Whiteleehill burn and then on into the Hareshawmuir water. Bught burn rises near Lochgoin farm and flows into the Drumtee water, which itself flows into the Fenwick water. Burflatt burn flows into the Isles burn and joins the Irvine at Newmilns. Burnanne (Burnawn) flows directly into the Irvine at Galston.</p><br>
<p>Calf Fauld burn flows into the Dunton water at Dunton Cove, this water flows from Craigendunton Reservoir and joins the head water of the Craufurdland Water near Waterside. Capringstone Burn flows passed Overton and into the Annick Water near Dreghorn. Carlin burn flows near the Carlin stane and into the Hareshawmuir water. Clerkland burn rises near the Totherick and flows into the Corsehill burn, which joins the Annick water at Stewarton. Collorybog burn rises from the bog of that name and flows into the Fenwick water via the Drumtee water. Corsehill burn joins the Annick water at Stewarton. Cowlinn burn flows into the Lugton water at old Montgreenan castle. Cross Burn joins the Lugton Water near Caldwell House. Chapel burn rises near Lainshaw House from a chalybeate spring and runs into the Annick water at Chapeltoun bridge. Cuts burn flows into the Annick water near Games Hill in Stewarton. Davys burn flows into the Hareshawmuir water. Downies burn joins the Irvine at Townhead in Newmilns, having flowed through the Parkerston glen. Drumduff burn flows from the base of Drumduff Hill into the Loudoun water, which flows into the Glen water and into the Irvine at Darvel. Drumtee water flows into the Fenwick water. Dunton water flows from Craigendunton Reservoir and joins the head water of the Craufurdland Water near Waterside. Draught burn joins the Lugton water near Eglinton Country Park. Duniflat Burn joins the Lugton Water near Lugton. East burn joins the Annick water in Darlington, Stewarton. Fenwick water joins with the Craufurdland water and forms the Kilmarnock water, which runs into the Irvine at Riccarton. Gardrum Mill burn joins the Carmel water near Fenwick. Garrier burn flows into the Irvine near Springside. Garroch burn joins the Cessnock water. Gill burn rises below Queenseat Hill and its waters flow into the Greenfield burn, then into the Soame burn, next into the Kingswell burn and into the Fenwick water. Gills burn flows into the Black water near Dunlop. Glazert (Glassard in 1779) water flows into the Annick water at Watermeetings near Cunninghamhead. Glen Burn at Darvel, flowing into the Irvine directly. Glen Burn rises near Over Auchentiber by Blacklaw Hill. Gower water joins the Irvine at Priestland outside Darvel. Gowkshaw burn has a confluence with the Rough Hill burn and runs into the Hareshawmuir water. Greenfield burn flows into the Soame burn near Soame bridge on the B764 and flows into the Kingswell burn and then flows into the Fenwick water. Grassyard burn flows into the Craufurdland water near Craufurdland bridge.</p><br>
<p>Hag burn joins the Irvine directly near Galston. Hags burn or gill rises at Crinshill Moss and flows into the Whiteleehill burn. Hall burn joins the Lugton water near Caven Mill. Hareshawmuir water joins the Craufurdland water near Waterside. Harperland burn flows into the Irvine directly near Laigh Milton mill. Hazel syke runs from below Quarry Hill, near the Wham Brae, into the Glen Water, which enters the Irvine at Darvel. Haymouth burn flows into the Burn Anne near Cessnock castle. Heads burn flows into the Huggin Craig burn, which joins the Irvine at Newmilns. Heather syke rises from below the Crook of the Clench at Crook Hill and flows into the West burn, which joins the Pogiven burn and flows into the Glen water. Hillhouse Burn runs down from the farm of that name, collects water from the old Newfarm Loch, and joins the new Mill Burn before joining the River Irvine in Kilmarnock. Horn burn is joined by the Kings Moss burn and then flows into the Irvine near Allanton at Loudoun Hill. Howe burn rises at Howeburn moss, then joins the Drumtee water and this flows into the Fenwick water. Huggin Craig burn joins the Irvine at Newmilns. Isles burn is joined by the Burflatt burn and flows into the Irvine at Newmilns. Jangle burn joins the Glen water and flows into the Irvine at Darvel. Killochy burn flows into the Cessnock water. Kilmarnock water runs into the Irvine at Riccarton. Kingsland Burn rises near Kingsford, flowing into the Clerkland Burn, which joins the Annick water via the Corsehill burn. Kingswell burn rises at Kingswell on the B764 and flows into the Fenwick water, which joins the Irvine via the Kilmarnock water. Kings Moss burn flows into the Horn burn and then joins the Irvine at Allanton near Loudoun Hill. Limper burn joins the Auchmannoch burn. Little Sorn burn joins the Cessnock water at Little Sorn. Loch burn rises at the Flow moss below Larchet Hill and flows into the Whiteleehill burn, on into the Hareshawmuir water and joins the Craufurdland water. Loch burn flows into the Mucks water, which reaches the Glen water and then the Irvine at Darvel. Lochrig (Lochridge) burn flows into the Brackenburn near Kilmaurs. Loudoun water rises from below Corse Hill and flows into the Glen water and into the Irvine at Darvel.</p><br>
<p>Maidenmire burn flows into Craigendunton Reservoir, its water flowing out as part of the Dunton water. Mareburn flows into the Auchmannoch burn, which enters the Cessnock water. Matthew burn joins the Irvine near Ranoldcoup bridge in Darvel. Mid burn joins the Soutors burn, which then joins the Drumtee water and this flows into the Fenwick water. Montgomerys burn rises below Crook Hill on Crinshill Moss and runs into the Gowkshaw burn, which has a confluence with the Rough Hill burn and runs into the Hareshawmuir water. Mucks water flows into the Glen water. Myres burn flows into the Birk burn, which itself flows into Craigendunton Reservoir, its water flowing out as part of the Dunton water. Neilsons burn flows into the Whitley burn and then on into the Carlin burn. Newlands burn joins the Irvine from Lanfine. New Mill Burn collects water from the Hillhouse Burn before emptying into the River Irvine. Otter burn rises at the Flow moss and flows into the Whiteleehill burn, on into the Hareshawmuir water and joins the Craufurdland water. Pochweer burn joins the Dunton water, which flows from Craigendunton Reservoir and joins the head water of the Craufurdland Water near Waterside. Pockinan burn joins the Hareshawmuir water at Hareshaw Mill near Waterside. Pogiven burn flows into the Glen water, which joins the Irvine at Darvel. Polbaith burn flows into the Irvine at Loudoun Kirk. Pomack burn rises at Whitelee Hill and flows into the Brocklees burn and on into the Glen water. Potesby burn rises below Rough Hill at Potesby Rig and flows into the Loch burn, which joins the Glen water and flows into the Irvine at Darvel. Quaw burn flows into the Bowhill burn, which joins the Hagg Burn and flows into the Irvine at Galston. Rabs burn flows into the Glen water. Rough Hill burn rises below the hill of that name and flows into the Gowkshaw burn and then runs into the Hareshawmuir water. Rough Syke burn flows into the Pogiven burn, which itself flows into the Glen water which joins the Irvine at Darvel. Shaw burn flows into the Carmel Water. Shelgo burn joins the Fenwick water near Fenwick. Simons burn flows into the Irvine at Riccarton. Sinclairs burn runs from below the Crook of the Lench at Crook Hill and joins the Gawkshaw burn, which flows into the Hareshawmuir water. Slough burn from the Flow Moss and runs into the confluence of the Hareshawmuir water and the Whiteleehill burn.  Small burn flows into the Black Water near Dunlop Hill and then into them Glazert Water. Snab burn rises below Rough Hill, flows into the Glen water and then into the Irvine at Darvel. Soame burn rises below Drumboy Hill, flows into the Kingswell burn and then flows into the Fenwick water. Soutors burn rises from Craigenfaulds moss near Lochgoin farm, then joins the Mid and Bught burns and passes into the Drumtee water and this flows into the Fenwick water. Stagmire burn rises at Pley Moss and flows into the Pogiven burn, which itself flows into the Glen water, which joins the Irvine at Darvel. Stanley burn rises at Camerons moss; it joins the Black Gill which then flows into the Pockinan burn, which joins the Hareshawmuir water. Stock burn flows into Craigendunton Reservoir, its water flowing out as part of the Dunton water.Stockshaw burn runs into the Cessnock water. Stra burn flows into the Limper, which flows into the Auchmannoch burn. Swinzie burn flows into the Annick water at Robertland outside Stewarton.</p><br>
<p>Templeton burn joins the Irvine directly at Crookedholm. Thrashy Knowe burn rises below the knowe of that name and then runs into the Polbaith burn. Threap syke rises below Muir Hill and flows into the Glen water and then into the Irvine at Darvel. Todrigs burn begins as the Slough burn and passes through the Slough of Despond near Dankeith House before once feeding an old curling pond at Todrigs and then passing on through the Caprington estate before reaching its confluence with the Irvine near Gatehead. Tongue burn joins the Irvine directly near Priestland outside Darvel. Tour burn rises near Tour House in Kilmaurs and runs passed Lady&#39;s well and into the Carmel water. Volga burn runs through Moscow and into the Irvine near Hurlford. Wallace Gill burn flows into the Glen water. Whiteleehill burn flows into the Hareshawmuir water and joins the Craufurdland water. Whitley burn flows into the Carlin burn and then on into the Hareshawmuir water. Woodhall burn flows into the Carmel Water near Knockentiber.</p><br>
<h2>Waterfalls and weirs</h2><br>
<p>A fair number are present, often on the higher reaches of the rivers. Some are named, such as Lizzie&#39;s Linn at Caven Mill, Montgreenan, on the Lugton Water. The Cessnock Water has a number on its course through the woods at the Carnell estate near Fiveways outside Kilmarnock. A series of low waterfalls occur at Cunnighamhead on the Annick Water, these being, like many others, dykes that are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks. Other notable waterfalls are on the Polbaith burn, Fenwick Water (near Rigghill), Glen water (Darvel) and Burn Anne.</p><br>
<p>Weirs were often built to divert and provide a head of water for the many mills. A more unusual use of a weir was that at Lainshaw House where two weirs, together with a realignment of the Annick Water, provided a large area of water for waterfowl, shooting and ornament.</p><br>
<h2>Death on the river</h2><br>
<p>Over the centuries the River Irvine and its tributaries have been associated with many violent deaths and accidental drownings, some famous enough to have been recorded and remembered in the folklore of the county.</p><br>
<h3>Witches</h3><br>
<p>It is recorded that a deep pool in the River Irvine at Irvine was called the Witches Plumb and that it may have been used to duck supposed witches to see if the Devil would save them. This pool lay near the site of the old Gallows Knowe where the old Irvine Royal Academy building was constructed.</p><br>
<h3>Drownings</h3><br>
<p>In the 19th century a Mr. Roxborough, weaver of Galston, after a drinking bout lasting several days, called for his suit one night, saying that the gentleman in black wanted him. Leaving the house with the imaginary man he was found later found drowned at the large whinstone rock near the southern termination of the Shawhill Woods at Hurlford by some of Mr John Carse&#39;s sons. Margaret Irvine of the nearby old Shaw Farm had something of a reputation as a witch and it was thought appropriate that a man drowned by the Devil should be recovered by one of his adherents. Placed on a cart, the body was taken to Galston, accomopanied en route by an unknown man dressed in black!</p><br>
<p>Maid Morvilles mound was located to the left of the bridge over the Irvine at Holmford near Dreghorn. It commemorated the tragic drowning of a female member of this family whilst crossing the Irvine at the old ford. The De Morvilles were the overlords of the Baillie of Cunninghame in feudal times. The mound was destroyed by the earthworks of the new expressway. A Maid Morville&#39; street still exists in Dreghorn to commemorate the event.</p><br>
<p>A tombstone in Dreghorn parish churchyard records the tragedy of the drowning in the Annick Water at Perceton of Aurthur Watson, aged two years and eight months on the twelfth of July 1867. His mother was Agnes McAntosh.</p><br>
<p>In 1843 two young women crossing the pedestrian Auld brig (1824) across the Carmel in Kilmaurs on a stormy night December night carrying a heavy load between them; they missed the way and the one in front was swept away and drowned.</p><br>
<p>On 18 August 2007 a Stewarton boy fell into the Annick Water when it was in flood. The scene of the tragedy was near Lainshaw House. Royal Navy Search and Rescue helicopter from HMS Gannet searched the river for several hours, unsuccessfully. The body was found in the river a few days later near the sewerage works.</p><br>
<h3>Death through violence</h3><br>
<p>Craignaught Hill lies in the north-east area of the Parish of Dunlop, with the Clerkland Burn running beneath and on through the grounds of Dunlop House to join the Annick Water at Stewarton. On the slopes of Craignaught Hill was fought a singularly unusual battle between the Boyds of Kilmarnock and the Stewarts of Darnley. Sir Alan Stewart had been treacherously slain by Sir Thomas Boyd, and his son, Alexander Stewart, was determined to take revenge. Sir Thomas was surprised on the night of 9 July 1439, whilst riding past Craignaught on his way north and although outnumbered, he and his followers fought on, even taking agreed rest periods indicated by the sounding of a horn. Eventually and inevitably Sir Thomas was killed, stabbed in the back by a Stewart, and a large number of his followers were also killed.</p><br>
<p>The result of this encounter led to killings and counter killings that involved a great part of the West of Scotland. Boyds wife had dreamed all that came to pass, and died of grief within days of her husband death. The 1860 OS marks Boyds Hill and Boyds slack (Scots for a narrow pass) to the north of Craignaught on the old lane to Grange Farm, now named South Grange. Boyds Hill has been undamaged (2007) by the quarrying and domestic waste disposal operations and the Boyd&#39;s slack is also clearly identifiable.</p><br>
<p>A little below the watermeetings of the Irvine and the Kilmarnock Water took place a pivotal incident in 1297, which led to the Scottish Nation regaining its independence following what was effectively its conquest by Edward I of England. One Sir William Wallace was fishing on the Irvine when a troop of English soldiers dismounted and demanded that he give up his catch. He offered to share, but this was refused and he was grossly insulted by the soldiers for his temerity. He had no weapons, however he used his fishing rod to disarm one soldier and then killed him with his own sword. He similarly dispatched two others and the remaining soldiers then fled. He went to his uncle&#39;s castle, the nearby Riccarton Castle, and in the following months an uprising slowly gained impetus through the example of one unarmed Scotsman killing three armed soldiers. A thorn tree called the "Bickering Bush" stood nearby and a public house by that name existed in Kilmarnock until it was recently demolished prior to the construction of the A71 Irvine flyover across the A77 Ayr Road on the site.</p><br>
<p>From The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace, a poem by Blind Harry.</p><br>
<p>On the upper reaches of the Irvine at Loudoun Hill, Wallace intercepted a convoy and routed those accompanying the English supplies. An earthwork at Loudoun Hill is still known as "Wallace&#39;s Knowe."</p><br>
<p>On 10 May 1307 Aymer de Valence, King Edwards commander, fought Robert the Bruce at Loudoun Hill, who was protected on either side by peat mosses, impassable by heavy cavalry. The English bowmen opened the battle, but the Scots troops had dug trenches and were relatively unharmed. The English cavalry were panicked by the pikes of the Scots and a slaughter of the English soldiers developed ending in complete victory for the Bruces Scots army.</p><br>
<p>At the Nether Ford on the Irvine near Riccarton, Robert the Bruce in 1307 sent Sir James Douglas to intercept the English soldiers commanded by Sir Philip de Mowbray. The English were ambushed as they crossed the ford on the Irvine and sixty lay dead before the panic-stricken survivors fled in panic.</p><br>
<p>The Hagg burn joins the Irvine just before the town of Galston, having run past the old ruined castle of Achruglen or Arcklowdun,</p><br>
<p>near Loudoun Castle. Achruglen tower, now a ruin, was the site of the burning to death of two Campbells, the Countess of Loudoun and her son and heir, by the Kennedys of Bargany in the 16th century.</p><br>
<p>Timothy Pont c. 1606 states that "not far from Kilmarnock, in ye midell of ye river Iruin, was the Read Steuart slaine, after he had receaved a Responce from a vitch yat he should not perrish nather in Kyle or zet in Cuninghame, the said river being the merch betwixt the two, and being in nather of them."</p><br>
<p>This Red Stewart was Sir John Stewart of Dundonald, a natural son of Robert II of Scotland, a monarch who had spent much time at Dundonald Castle. Another source spoils the story by giving Dumbarton as the place of the Red Stuart&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>In April 1586, Hugh, 4th. Earl of Eglinton was travelling to Stirling to join the royal court having been commanded to attend by the King. He was accompanied only by a few domestic servants and being in no great hurry he stopped at Lainshaw Castle to dine with his close relative, a Montgomerie who was Lord of Lainshaw and whose Lady was a Margaret Cunninghame of Aiket Castle, with sisters married to John Cunninghame of Corsehill and David Cunninghame of Robertland. It seems that a plot to kill the Earl as an act of revenge had been organised and the Lady, or some say a servant girl who was also a Cunninghame, climbed to the battlements after the meal to hang out a white table napkin and thereby spring the plot. Thirty Cunninghames attacked the Earl at the Annick ford and cut his servants to pieces with swords and other weapons, the Earl himself being finally dispatched with a single shot from the pistol of John Cuninghame of Clonbeith Castle. His horse carried his dead body along the side of the river, still known in Stewarton as the Weeping, Mourning or Widows path. A wave of bloody revenge swept over Cunninghame and elsewhere, with Cunninghame friends, relatives and adherents killed without restraint.</p><br>
<p>Following a conventicle (an illegal religious meeting of Covenanters) on the lands of Harelaw, in the Parish of Loudoun, on 1 June 1679,</p><br>
<p>the worshippers were warned of the approach of John Graham of Claverhouse and the Kings troops. The battle itself took place in Avondale near Drumclog. The Laird of Torfoot graphically described the scene of bloody hand-to-hand fighting with no quarter&#39; given. At the end of the day the Covenanters, commanded by Robert Hamilton, were victorious. Following the Battle of Drumclog, the defeated Claverhouse and his remaining troops escaped to Glasgow to fight another day, leaving 36 dead on the battlefield.</p><br>
<p>According to tradition, the Puddleford in Irvine, was the site of a skirmish between Wallace and the English – there is no evidence that Wallace was present, but the tradition gained credibility when repeated as fact in the 1920s.</p><br>
<h3>Death by accidental physical trauma</h3><br>
<p>In 1826, a severe drought forced farmers to collect water from the Monks Well in Kilmaurs, a spring never known to be dry. They drove their carts along the dry bed of the Carmel to catch the water, which poured from an exit high up on the wall. One of these farmers horses bolted, bringing the head of a female rider into violent contact with the arch of the Auld Brig&#39;, killing the unfortunate woman outright.</p><br>
<h2>Crossing the river</h2><br>
<h3>Stilts</h3><br>
<p>It is recorded that stilts were sometimes used to cross the river, for example Thomas Raeburn of Holmhead near Hurlford worked as a gardener at Shawhill House and regularly crossed the River Irvine using stilts. At nearby Barleith, Mayday festivities sometimes included stilt races across and back, resulting in much amusement as many competitors fell into the water.</p><br>
<h3>Ferries and carrying</h3><br>
<p>Rivers form physical boundaries and are only crossed with either trouble or expense. At the port of Irvine itself ferry boats took passengers across to Ardeer, further upstream fords and /or stepping stones were present in many places. These were often treacherous and could turn from tranquil to lethal in a matter of minutes, often with no warning as the rainfall could well have fallen far upstream or at the moors that form the watershed.</p><br>
<p>At one time people were carried across rivers, usually at fords, but not necessarily. A fee would normally be charged or it might be part of the job description of a servant. One Ayrshire story tells of a rich farmer who employed a servant girl to carry him across the river on his way to church each Sunday. As time went by he became very fond of the servant and eventually they married. She willingly carried him across on the way to their wedding, but she refused on the way back and never carried him again.</p><br>
<p>The Kilmarnock Standard newspaper recorded in 2011 that a leisure boat service had been set up in the 1930s, running from a short concrete jetty, however it was not a success and did not continue for long.</p><br>
<h3>Stepping stones</h3><br>
<p>Many sets of stepping stones are recorded on OS maps, such as at Shawhill Farm near Hurlford, crossing over to Templetonburn and Skerrinngton Mains nearby. Stepping stones are marked on the 1897 OS map as being located just downstream from the present Chapeltoun bridge over the Annick Water and further upstream near the old Lambroch Mill, the old dam was used as stepping stones, even though it was close to a ford. Stepping stones are shown near Waterside Farm on the Irvine at Galston. Stepping stones and a ford existed at Kaimshill House near Crookedholme in the 1870s; called Struthers Steps they crossed the river Irvine below Struther&#39;s Farm, home to James Paterson. The Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers in 1931 remark on the stepping stones at Struthers having long since disappeared and that stepping stones at Haining on the Cessnock Water still survived.</p><br>
<p>An interesting possible origin of the name of the Puddle ford at Irvine is holy steps (pas de Dieu), referring to the stepping stones the Carmelite Priory monks made their way across on their way to Church. Some of the stepping stones may have come from the stone circle, later removed, of which the Grannie stone is the last survivor. Use of the Puddleford by horses was prohibited in 1836 to safeguard access to the Puddly Well, one of the public wells all of which were repaired at about that time.</p><br>
<h3>Fords</h3><br>
<p>The toll road authorities found fords something of a nuisance as passage was free unlike the bridge where a toll was levied. To prevent this they often obtained authority to deepen the fords in the river to force the use of bridges on the toll roads; very few fords therefore remain in Ayrshire. Even the Dean Ford has ceased to exists on the Kilmarnock Water after resolution of difficulties to do with the legal transfer of the property to the council by Lord Howard de Walden and the legal definition of the boundaries of the lands gifted. Further up the Fenwick Water the Bringan Ford still survives. Many of the fords eventually developed wooden footbridges alongside, such as at the Bringan Ford and as at Knockentiber in 1860 on the old Kilmarnock Road ford. The fine suspension bridge footbridge at the Dean Ford was famous for collapsing with the weight of sightseers on its opening day. It was replaced with a stronger structure but has been removed due to the ford being bridged over circa 2016.</p><br>
<p>A Romford, Rameford, Room or Rome Ford was situated where the modern road bridge crosses the Irvine at Gatehead. In Scots Rommle is to rumble or stir violently, states that this bridge was built in around 1870, replacing an older bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Hurling Ford existed at Shewalton where it crossed the river to the Warrix Holm (see video).</p><br>
<h3>Pedestrian and road bridges</h3><br>
<p>Bridges were built where they could be afforded or where they were most needed. Many of the older bridges were built by local lairds, such as Chapeltoun Bridge over the Annick Water, which was built in the 1850s to replace a ford downstream at Bankend, opposite West Lambroughton.</p><br>
<p>Archibald Adamson on his Rambles Round Kilmarnock in 1875 records that the Irvine is the Parish boundary between Kilmarnock and Riccarton and that the ancient bridge running into Riccarton bears the date 1726. Aiton states that the stones used to build this bridge were conveyed in the first wheeled carts used in Ayrshire, sledges having been employed on the poor quality roads that existed prior to this time. The new brisge was built here about 1845.</p><br>
<p>The pedestrian Auld Brig across the Carmel water in Kilmaurs was built to replace stepping stones in 1824. It has been the scene of two deaths.</p><br>
<p>Both Beattie and the Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers refer to Murdocks or Murdochs iron bridge over the Carmel Water near Kilmaurs-Glencairn church as being the oldest iron bridge in Scotland. It was erected following a 1d subscription from each of the house-houlders of Ayrshire. The council demolished it in around the year 2000 and replaced it with a wooden bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridge over the Craufurdland Water at Craufurdland was built by Mr. Craufurdland, using the balusters from the original part of the battlements of Cessnock Castle, which had originally been given to Captain Whyte of The Cottage.</p><br>
<p>A bridge at Haining in 1931 went over the Cessnock. It was made from two wires stretched, one above the other, across the water. The one-man-at-a-time bridge was traversed by the passager holding the top wire and placing their feet on the lower wire.</p><br>
<h3>Railway bridges</h3><br>
<p>Railways appeared very early in this part of Scotland and one of the first built was the stone viaduct over the Irvine at Laigh Milton, part of the Kilmarnock and Troon Railway. It has four arches, and although not used since 1846, it was restored in 1996. The railway carried steam locomotives 9 years before the Stockton and Darlington Railway and is believed to be the first passenger steam railway in the world. The viaduct itself, built in 1811, is the oldest surviving railway viaduct in Scotland. and one of the oldest in the world:</p><br>
<p>Many of the railways that crossed the river were mineral lines, which often had an intensive but short life, such as the 1923 OS mineral lines that ran to collieries near Earlston, Nether Craig and Cockhill farm (Fairlie (Pit No.3)). The 1860 OS names the Fairlie Branch and indicates its operation by the Glasgow and South Western Railway company. The bridges built for these lines are still clearly visible.</p><br>
<h2>Taming the river</h2><br>
<p>Flood prevention schemes have canalised the Kilmarnock (previously the Marnock) Water where it runs down through Kilmarnock towards the Irvine, with significantly raised banks and automatically closing gates. The Irvine has likewise been tamed with a large flood prevention scheme at east Holmes Wetlands near Galston. Here the river is directed into its old floodplains when the water rises above a certain height, thereby protecting Kilamarnock. A scheme on the River Cessnock is underway (2007). Many sections of the other rivers have been canalised and / or have bunds on either bank to prevent the watercourses flooding into their flood plains.</p><br>
<h2>The river system and its wildlife</h2><br>
<h3>Meadow plants</h3><br>
<p>Many of the water meadows are rich in pignut (Conopodium majus), a relative of parsley, which formed a breaktime snack for children in former times. The plant is dug up to harvest a small potato-like structure that, eaten raw, has a slightly nutty taste. It is available commercially for salads, etc. Hemlock water dropwort grows well in the wetter areas and is best left alone as the name hemlock suggests. The large leaves of the butterbur (Petasites hybridus) are found in several areas; its name harkens back to the days before clingfilm or cheap paper when the leaves were used to wrap butter destined for the market. Water ragwort (or Saracens ragwort) (a species of Senecio) is an introduced plant that grows along the Garnock in tall stands. Although it is common on the Garnock and at present quite rare elsewhere. Himalayan balsam or policemens helmets is another introduction, but a common one. Giant hogweed is beginning to make its presence felt. It is another plant that should never be handled, as the sap can cause severe blistering and scarring of the skin.</p><br>
<p>The Stewarton Flower or pink purslane (Claytonia sibirica) is common in wetter areas. It has white or pink flowers at this site, but closer to Stewarton it is almost always white. It seems that it was first introduced as a white variety in the Stewarton area in Victorian times and the common pink variety, introduced later, spread to other areas. Dalgarven, it seems, is on the edge of the white flower zone of dominance.</p><br>
<p>Coppicing of the riverside alder trees is still carried out, often unintentionally by the anglers. Alders grow well in wet soils and are specially adapted for the low nutrient conditions through having large root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria that enrich the soil in the same way as clover plants and other legumes.</p><br>
<p>The trees in the vicinity of the rivers were not planted by farmers for visual effect, they were crops and the wood was used for building and fencing; The millers needed beech or hornbeam wood for mill machinery, in particular the cogs on the drive wheels from the waterwheel.</p><br>
<p>It is not generally appreciated how much the Ayrshire landscape has changed its character over the last few hundred years, for even in the 1760–70 Statistical Account it is stated that "there was no such thing to be seen as trees or hedges in the parish; all was naked and open."</p><br>
<h3>Birds, fish and other animals</h3><br>
<p>The river and its banks, support, amongst others, Kingfishers, tawny and barn owls, herons, moorhean, coot, mallard, ravens, rooks, treecreepers, buzzards, peewits or lapwings, roe deer, mink, moles, shrews, grey squirrels, hares, hedgehogs, foxes, badgers, pipistrelle bats and otters. Migrating Canada and Graylag Geese frequent the nearby fields on their way up from the Solway Firth / Caerlaverock area or coming down from Spitzbergen in the winter.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s water quality is generally quite good nowadays, proven by the presence of freshwater limpets and shrimps, together with leeches, caddis fly larvae and water snail species. Pont in 1604 – 08 writes that salmon are plentiful in the River Irvine. The river system contains, amongst others, brown trout, sea trout, salmon, eels, minnows, lampreys, and sticklebacks. The brown colour of the Irvine at places like Darvel and Newmilns is not a result of pollution, but simply organic material washed out of the peat banks at the watershed. Freshwater mussels, a species persecuted for its pearls, are found in places on the Glazert and the Garnock.</p><br>
<h2>Micro history</h2><br>
<p>Pont</p><br>
<p>Shewalton Sand Pits is a Scottish Wildlife Trust nature reserve on the River Irvine near Irvine.</p><br>
<p>Immense labour has been expended over the years in retaining building walls on either side of many of the rivers and burns. At Chapeltoun on the Annick Water even the Chapel Burn bed is cobbled. This drystone walling was important in reducing the erosion of the river banks.</p><br>
<p>The Brackenburn near Kilmaurs has been misnamed as the Garrier by the Ordnance Survey since the 1860s. When burns or rivers join it is usually the largest that decides the name of the river downstream, unless the name changes completely, such as the Kilmarnock Water forming from the Fenwick and Craufurdland Waters. Occasionally a water course is reduced in volume due to changes upstream, a case in point being the Garrier, which used to drain Buiston Loch near Kilmaurs. This was drained as part of agricultural improvements and now the Garrier is only seasonal, even though it keeps the name Garrier, even when joined by the Brackenburn and the Lochrig burns that flow all year.</p><br>
<p>It was not easy being a miller, for instance some people held the belief that it was wrong to use water artificially; that to turn water from its course was to act against God&#39;s plan.</p><br>
<p>Ancient mills, it was believed, had been piously placed by their forefathers where they could be worked according to God&#39;s order, without artificially embanking the water or turning it from its natural course, which would be sinful.</p><br>
<p>New field drainage work on farms in the 18th and 19th centuries had dramatic effects on water courses, most often recorded through complaints by millers that they could no longer get enough water to turn their mills waterwheels.</p><br>
<p>The weir at Dalgarven on the River Garnock is made of boulders which are carefully placed and locked together to create a natural millpond to supply a good head of water to the wheel through the lade. The weir is built on a natural dyke across the Garnock at this point, its existence being carefully exploited by the monks of Kilwinning Abbey who chose the site for Dalgarven Mill.</p><br>
<p>The Automatic tide signalling apparatus at Irvine harbour is probably unique, having been invented and patented by Martin Boyd, the Irvine harbour master, in 1905 and opened in 1906.</p><br>
<p>In February 2009 the Lochrig or Lochridge Burn was severely polluted with diesel oil spilled from a train derailed at the railway bridge near Peacockbank farm, Stewarton. Mitigation measures were put in place, however pollution eventually reached the River Irvine.</p><br>
<p>Clark&#39;s Island is the name of a small island located in Plymouth Bay in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It was named for the first mate of the Mayflower, the ship that brought the Pilgrims to New England. The first mate was John Clarke, so the island should actually be spelled Clarke&#39;s Island. The island was initially considered for the location of the Pilgrim&#39;s settlement, but was rejected in favor of a site to the south, which became known as Plymouth, Massachusetts. Today Clark&#39;s Island is a part of the town of Plymouth.</p><br>
<p>While it is rumored that Truman Capote wrote much of In Cold Blood while staying at a cottage on the island, he actually wrote the novella Breakfast at Tiffany&#39;s while on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Clark&#39;s Island is located in Plymouth Harbor, a part of Plymouth Bay. Although physically closer to the town of Duxbury, the island is officially part of the town of Plymouth, as are the outermost points of Duxbury Beach, Saquish Neck and Gurnet Point. The island is located north of the Duxbury Pier Light (locally known as "Bug Light") and Saquish Neck, and west of Saquish Head.</p><br>
<p>The Academy Cinema is a historic building on Cheltenham Road in the Stokes Croft area of Bristol, England. Since its construction in 1914 it has been used for many purposes. It is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<p>The cinema was built by William Watkins in 1914 in an Edwardian Baroque style (also called ‘Mock Renaissance’ style). The open plan brick building has a symmetrical front with doors in a recessed central bay approached by steps from the street. This is surmounted by a lunette and voussoir above which is an oculus as an attic window.</p><br>
<p>It opened as the Cheltenham Cinema, which was owned by Ralph Pringle. It was renamed as The Plaza and then became the Academy Cinema which was used as the name until its closure in 1955.</p><br>
<p>In 1955 and became a Christadelphian Hall or chapel.</p><br>
<p>The Weatherspoons pub chain purchased it in 1998 it was adapted for use as a bar under the name The Magic Box. The name was chosen in honour of William Friese-Greene a Bristolian founder of cinematography. The pub closed in 2006 and was refurbished as a new venue for Jesters Comedy Club, which opened in 2008 with the venue known as The Metropolis. The Metropolis was used as a music venue hosting a variety of local and national bands. Jesters moved to another venue in 2012 and the building was put on the market for £350,000.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 plans were approved by Bristol City Council for the building to be converted into a mosque, despite objections from the English Defence League.</p><br>
<p>Lago Ritom is a lake in the Piora valley, Ticino, Switzerland. The natural lake is used as a reservoir by the Swiss Federal Railways  to generate hydro-electric power for the Gotthard line. The first dam was built in 1918 and, in 1950, its height was increased by 23 m.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s surface area is 1.49 km² at an elevation of 1850 m. With Lake Cadagno and Lago di Tom, it is one of the main lakes in the Piora valley.</p><br>
<p>Before being used as a reservoir, Lake Ritom was a meromictic lake similar to the nearby Lake Cadagno.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The lake can be reached by funicular from Piotta 786 m below. The track with a length of 1,369 m has a maximum inclination of 87.8%, the highest in Europe after the Gelmerbahn funicular (106%).</p><br>
<p>The Percy W. Bridgman House is an historic house located at 10 Buckingham Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a National Historic Landmark, notable for its associations with Dr. Percy Williams Bridgman, a physicist, Nobel Prize winner, and Harvard University professor. It is now part of the Buckingham Browne & Nichols  Lower School campus.</p><br>
<p>The house is an architecturally undistinguished 2 story house built about 1920 in a Neo-Rationalist style. At the time of its designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1975, the house had not been significantly altered since Dr. Bridgman&#39;s death in 1961. It was acquired by the BBN School not long after his death, which has used it for a variety of purposes, including as a faculty residence and lounge. It is used for school offices.</p><br>
<p>Percy Bridgman (1882–1961) was born in Cambridge, raised in Newton, and educated at Harvard. After receiving his Ph.D. in physics in 1908, he was invited to join the Harvard physics faculty, where he remained for the rest of his life. Bridgman&#39;s primary area of research was high pressure physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (the fifth American to be so honored) in 1946 for his development of equipment for advancing research in that field. He also wrote extensively on the epistemology of physics and the sciences, advancing ideas that evolved into the field of operations research during the 1940s. Bridgman moved into this house in 1928, and lived there for the rest of his life.</p><br>
<p>Hindutash, also known as Hindu-tagh Pass, is a historical mountain pass in the western Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region  of the Peoples Republic of China. The pass cuts through the Kunlun Mountains connecting the now-deserted town of Kangxiwar, formerly Kengshewar,  in the Karakash River valley to the town of Pusha, , formerly Bushia, in the Yurungkash River valley, and also connects to the road to the city of Hotan, formerly Khotan. </p><br>
<p>A recent detailed Chinese map labels the pass 印地他什达坂 (Yìndì-Tāshí Dábǎn), and shows only a "track", but no road, going over it. The same map showed no other roads or tracks crossing the Kunlun within Hotan County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1857, the explorer Robert Schlagintweit crossed this pass from camping grounds in Sumgal ("three fords"), on the banks of the Karakash river, approximately 7 mi upstream from Kengshewar and estimated its height to be 17,879 ft. At the top of the pass (36° 16 23 N, 78° 46 50 E), there is a steep glacier with many crevasses. The eastern Kunlun range, which is in the southern region of the Hotan prefecture of Xinjiang, is cut by two other passes: the Sanju Pass, near the small staging post of Xaidulla, formerly Shahidulla, northwest of Hindu-tagh, and the Ilchi Pass, southeast of Hindu-tagh, just north-east of the village of Dahongliutan, itself just north of the now disputed Aksai Chin area (see second map on right). The former pass had been much used historically, and provided the traditional means of entry from the south into the ancient Kingdom of Khotan. The latter was traversed in 1865 by W. H. Johnson of the Survey of India. "Hindu-tagh" means "Indian Mountain," and "Hindu-tash," "Indian stone" in the Uyghur dialect of Xinjiang.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church was the first church for African Americans in Nebraska, organized in North Omaha in 1867. It is located at 2402 North 22nd Street in the Near North Side neighborhood. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building was constructed in the center of Omaha&#39;s North Side in the Prairie School architecture style. Prairie School architecture is rare, and this architectural gem in urban Nebraska is particularly unusual for being designed and built in the 1920s, after the Prairie Style’s rapid loss of popularity beginning after 1914.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Organized in the fall of 1865, the first minister of St. John was Rev. W. T. Osborne, who was also the first African American minister in Nebraska. The first meetings being held at a private residence on Capitol Avenue and Ninth Street in present-day downtown Omaha. After worshiping for a short time on Harney Street, the church moved to Douglas and Fifteenth Streets until the summer of 1865. That year a lot was purchased on the corner of Eighteenth and Webster Streets in Near North Omaha. The original church, designed by renowned local African American architect Clarence W. Wigington, was built for $1,000.</p><br>
<p>The longest standing member of the church was Mrs. Eliza Turner, who until her death in 1938 regularly attended St. John&#39;s for seventy years. Today St. John hosts a thriving congregation, and the church serves in a variety of capacities to the surrounding community.</p><br>
<h3>Pastors</h3><br>
<p>Rev. J. H. Hubbard, 1866 to 1868</p><br>
<p>Rev. W. B. Ousley, 1868 to 1869</p><br>
<p>W. L. Harrod, 1869 to 1870</p><br>
<p>William Sexton, 1870 to 1871</p><br>
<p>G. W. Gaines, 1871 to 1873</p><br>
<p>J. W. Braxton, 1873 to 1875</p><br>
<p>B. F. Watson, 1875 to 1876</p><br>
<p>J. A. Fouche, 1876 to 1878</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Johns has been housed in three different churches. The second church was notably designed by Omahas first African American architect, Clarence W. Wigington, which was built around the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>When the congregation outgrew that building, they located a new place to build at 2402 North 22nd Street, St. John A.M.E. Church building was designed by local architect Frederick S. Stott in 1921 in the Prairie School style. In 1947 an auditorium was added, and additional rooms were finished in 1956. The building is remarkable for its reflection of the progressive attitude of its congregation at a time when traditional values in religious architecture were prevalent. The building is recognized as an important contribution to the Prairie School style, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in May 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s has been host to several members who are notable in local and national history. They include:</p><br>
<p>Ophelia Clenlans, civil rights leader in Omaha</p><br>
<p>Harrison J. Pinkett, the first University trained lawyer in Nebraska and a civil rights leader in Omaha</p><br>
<p>W. H. C. Stephenson, a doctor and civil rights leader in Omaha</p><br>
<p>The Casa de la Guerra was the residence of the fifth commandant of the Presidio de Santa Barbara, José de la Guerra y Noriega from 1828 until his death in 1858. Descendants of José lived in the home until 1943. The site is currently owned and operated by the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation as a historic house museum. The address is 15 East De la Guerra Street, Santa Barbara, California.</p><br>
<p>The time when José lived in the casa it was known to locals as the casa grande (big house), as the thirteen room structure dwarfed the surrounding one room adobes. In the casa grande period, José added the altito structure. The altito structure no longer stands, but acted as José&#39;s office and was where he stored his money.</p><br>
<p>The 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake did significant damage to the residence, and due to Josés declining health, his son Pablo spearheaded renovations. Pablos renovations reflected the change in style in the Santa Barbara area, modifying the home to give it a Victorian appearance. The most significant changes in this time were the removal of the adobe columns in favor of wooden columns and the addition of wooden siding to the house.</p><br>
<p>The Casa is a Santa Barbara City Landmark, a California Historical Landmark. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places together with Paseo de la Guerra as "El Paseo and Casa de la Guerra".</p><br>
<p>The house is being restored and furnished to appear as it might have between 1828 and 1858. The Casa de la Guerra interior is open to visitors Saturdays and Sundays, although the exterior may be explored any time.</p><br>
<p>Soochipara Falls also known as Sentinel Rock Waterfalls is a three-tiered waterfall in Vellarimala, Wayanad, surrounded by Deciduous, Evergreen and Montane forests. Locally referred to as Soochipara , the 15-20 minute drive from Meppadi to Sentinel Rock Waterfalls offers scenic views of some of the best tea estates in Wayanad. The Sentinel Rock Waterfalls is 200 metres  and offers a cliff face that is ideal for rock climbing. The water from Soochipara Falls later joins Chulika River or popularly known as Chaliyar River after Velarimala Hills near Cherambadi  in Kerala.</p><br>
<p>Once people reach the parking area, they have to pass through a security check at the entrance where they make sure you don&#39;t carry any plastic. It takes 10-15 minutes walk to the water falls and water flow is less during summer, which makes it easy to reach the rocks where water falls.</p><br>
<p>All Saints is a closed Anglican church in Corn Street, Bristol. For many years it was used as a Diocesan Education Centre but this closed in 2015. The building has been designated as a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The west end of the nave survives from the original 12th-century church, and the east nave and aisles were built in the 15th century. Alice Chestre made major donations to the church. The north-east tower was added in 1716 by William Paul, and completed by George Townesend. The lantern was rebuilt by Luke Henwood in 1807, and the chancel rebuilt in the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Kalendars, a brotherhood of clergy and laity attached to All Saints, built a library over the north aisle of the church in the fifteenth century; by a deed of 1464 they gave free access to all who wished to study. This was the first public library in the kingdom. In 1466 fire destroyed many of the manuscript books.</p><br>
<p>The church is surrounded on three sides by pedestrian passageways and built into surrounding buildings. Over the south nave is a priests&#39; room and over the north a Georgian coffee room. The most notable monument is to Edward Colston designed by James Gibbs and carved by John Michael Rysbrack.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Parish records for All Saints&#39; Church, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P.AS) (), including baptism, marriage and burial registers. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, overseer of the poor, churchwardens, charities, chantries and vestry, plus deeds, maps, plans and surveys.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church with St Ewen is a Church of England parish church in Broad Street, Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church was built between 1786 and 1791, designed by William Paty and built by his relatives Thomas Paty and Sons, replacing a medieval one. The entrance and refurbished interior are by Henry Williams in 1883. The building was restored by Priest-in-charge Rev. G. S. Zimmern in 1973.</p><br>
<p>On the tower quarter-boy figures strike the quarter hours on the Automaton clock.</p><br>
<p>It has been designated as a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>St Ewen's Church</h2><br>
<p>St Ewen&#39;s church was on the north west corner of the medieval cross-roads, opposite Christ Church on Broad Street. A charter of Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury, confirming a vicar called Turstin at the church and threatening that anyone who interfered with the post would be “firmly bound up in the chains of anathema”, is known as the Charter of Theobald or the Curse of St Ewen. It dates to about 1141 and is the oldest document held by Bristol Archives.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The current Baroque style building, of Bath stone, was designed by William Paty and built between 1786 and 1791. A Victorian restoration was carried out in 1883 by Henry Williams.</p><br>
<h2>Worship</h2><br>
<p>Worship at Christ Church follows the 1662 Book of Common Prayer and the parish supports the work of the Prayer Book Society in promoting the use of traditional liturgy throughout the Church of England. Scripture readings are taken from the Authorised Version of the Bible. The Parochial Church Council has passed Resolutions A, B and C and does not accept the ministry of women priests.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church is a Church of England parish church in Clifton, Bristol, England. It has been designated as a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1841 by Charles Dyer. The steeple was built in 1859 by John Norton, and the aisles in 1885 by William Basset Smith.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 the church was closed for two weeks after the steeple was damaged in high winds.</p><br>
<p>A replica of the church exists in Thames Town, a suburb of Shanghai built in a style imitative of English architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican parish is part of the benefice of Christ Church with Emmanuel, Clifton which falls within the Diocese of Bristol. It is affiliated with the New Wine Network.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The cruciform limestone building has a slate roof. It was built in the Early English Gothic Revival style. There is an octagonal apse. The north transept is supported by buttresses.</p><br>
<p>The steeple above the five-stage tower reaches 65 m. At its base is a doorway with Purbeck marble shafts. inside the church is a west gallery supported by cast iron columns with timber cladding.</p><br>
<p>An inspired copy of the church was found in Thames Town.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Parish records for Christ Church, Clifton, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P.CC) () including baptism and marriage registers. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, churchwardens, parochial church council, charities and vestry.</p><br>
<p>The Chaîne des Puys is a north-south oriented chain of cinder cones, lava domes, and maars in the Massif Central of France. The chain is about 40 km  long, and the identified volcanic features include 48 cinder cones, eight lava domes, and 15 maars and explosion craters. Its highest point is the lava dome of Puy de Dôme, located near the middle of the chain, which is high. The name of the range comes from a French term, puy, that refers to a volcanic mountain with a rounded profile. A date of 4040 BCE is usually given for the last eruption of a Chaîne des Puys volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>The chain began to form approximately 2 million years ago, and the volcanic activity that formed the range only stopped about 10,000 years ago. The majority of the cones were formed by Strombolian eruptions, and these cones usually have well-defined summit craters. Some have nested craters, and others show broken rims where lava poured through.</p><br>
<p>In contrast, Puy de Dôme was created by a Peléan eruption; this type of eruption is characterized by long dormant periods periodically interrupted by sudden, extremely violent eruptions.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<p>The chain is famous in the history of volcanology, as it was the subject of the pioneering research of English geologist George Julius Poulett Scrope, starting in the 1820s. In 1827 he published his classic Memoir on the Geology of Central France, including the Volcanic formations of Auvergne, the Velay and the Vivarais, which was later re-published in a revised and somewhat more popular form in The Geology and extinct Volcanos of Central France in 1858. These books were the first widely published descriptions of the Chaîne des Puys, and the analysis therein laid the foundation for many of the basic principles of volcanology.</p><br>
<p>The Presbytère is an architecturally important building in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. It stands facing Jackson Square, adjacent to the St. Louis Cathedral. Built in 1791 as a matching structure for the Cabildo, which flanks the cathedral on the other side, it is one of the nation&#39;s best examples of formal colonial Spanish architecture . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, and is now a property of the Louisiana State Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Presbytère is located on the northwest side of Jackson Square, between the cathedral and St. Ann Street. It is a two-story brick building, originally built with a flat roof that had a balustrade topped by urns. Its ground floor has a nine-bay open arcade of elliptical arches, with pilastered corners. The upper level also has arched openings, all articulated by pilasters, with multipane windows. The center three bays on both levels have engaged columns on either side, and are topped as a group by a gabled pediment. A dormered mansard roof was added in 1847, which is topped by a louvered cupola.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Presbytère was designed in 1791 by the French-born Gilberto Guillemard to match the Cabildo, or Town Hall, on the other side of St. Louis Cathedral. By 1798, only the first floor had been completed, and its second floor was not completed until 1813. Originally called the Casa Curial (‘Ecclesiastical House’), its name derives from the fact that it was built on the former site of the residence of the Capuchin monks and presbytery (rectory, in French). The building initially was used for commercial purposes until 1834, when it was used by the Louisiana Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>In 1853, cathedral officials sold the Presbytère to the city, and in 1908 the city sold it to the state. In 1911 it became part of the Louisiana State Museum.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the cupola was replaced atop the Presbytère. The cupola had been missing since the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of the Holy Trinity with St Edmund is a church on Wellington Hill, Horfield in Bristol, England. It has been designated as a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The west tower dates from the 15th century. It contains five bells, four of which were cast by the Bilbie family of Chew Stoke in 1773. The organ, which was built by Palmers of Bristol, was installed in 1885.</p><br>
<p>The church has associated with the Oxford Movement since the early 19th century. The parish and benefice fall within the Diocese of Bristol.</p><br>
<p>In 1877 the graveyard became the resting place of Newport Chartist John Frost. Although Frost&#39;s grave site was lost for many years, in the 1980s a new headstone was created and re-erected on the site, with the aid of a grant from Newport City Council. The new headstone was unveiled by Neil Kinnock.</p><br>
<p>There are also war graves of 17 British and two Canadian service personnel of World War I, and a Royal Navy sailor of World War II.</p><br>
<p>North Franklin Mountain  is a mountain in the Franklin Mountains of El Paso, Texas, located in the Southwestern United States. North Franklin, at 7,192 ft, is the highest point in El Paso, and the 27th-highest mountain in the state of</p><br>
<p>Texas. Surrounded by a state park and with a maintained trail leading to its summit, the mountain is a popular hiking destination.</p><br>
<p>North Franklin is located entirely within the city of El Paso, approximately 10 mi east of the Texas–New Mexico border and 15 mi north of the USA–Mexico border. The mountain is the highest of the Franklins, clipping nearby Anthonys Nose by just over 200 ft and neighboring South Franklin by nearly 300 ft. North Franklin rises 3,300 ft above both its western base in the Mesilla Valley and its eastern base in the Hueco Bolson. In spite of its name, North Franklin is actually in the central Franklins, being the northernmost of the ranges two key peaks (South Franklin, of course, is the other). To the south of these, the South Franklins include the peaks Mount Franklin and Ranger Peak</p><br>
<p>(all of the television broadcast towers for El Paso are in the Southern Franklins).</p><br>
<p>Like most of the Franklins, North Franklin Mountain is visible from many miles away. When observed from the east or west, North Franklin is shaped like a scalene triangle, with its long side facing its dome-shaped sister peak South Franklin Mountain. This quality makes it a valuable navigation point when traversing the desert areas around El Paso.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Franklin Mountains are tilted-block fault mountains composed of sedimentary rocks, some of which date back to Precambrian times and are among the oldest in Texas. The mountains represent the southernmost tip of the Rocky Mountains in the USA, and like the Rockies, were formed 60–70 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny. The Precambrian rocks atop North Franklin Mountain represent "the highest geological structure in the state of Texas."</p><br>
<p>North Franklin gets its reddish color from the unusually high levels of oxidized iron in the volcanic rocks coating its summit and higher slopes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For centuries, Native Americans and other travellers have used the vegetation and wildlife in the Franklins when crossing the Paso del Norte—the gap between the Franklin Mountains and the Juarez Mountains that is now the site of Ciudad Juárez and El Paso. Pictographs and mortar pits attest to a human presence in the mountains dating back more than 12,000 years.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Mountains are probably named after Benjamin Franklin Coons, who in 1849 purchased a ranch in what is now the El Paso area. Initially known as Coons Ranch, by 1851 the settlement had apparently taken Coons&#39; middle name and was called "Franklin".</p><br>
<p>Despite the town being officially named El Paso in 1852, the locals continued to call it Franklin throughout the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The El Paso Tin Mining and Smelting Company operated a tin mine on the northeast slope of North Franklin from 1909–1915. While the mine had the distinction of being the only tin mine ever located in the USA, the venture was an economic failure. Today, a trail leading to the ruins of the mine forks off the North Franklin Peak Trail, just east of Mundy&#39;s Gap.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The trailhead is in the Tom Mays Unit (not the park headquarters in McKelligon Canyon) of the Franklin Mountains State Park near the summit of Texas State Highway Loop 375. The Mundys Gap Trail rises out of the Tom Mays section and winds 1.6 mi to Mundys Gap, on the north slope of North Franklin Mountain. From Mundys Gap, the North Franklin Peak Trail follows the mountains eastern slope for approximately three miles to the summit. Various spur trails branch off the main trail along the way.</p><br>
<p>The summit of North Franklin has been flattened out, with an area equal to the size of a small parking lot. The only man-made structure at the summit is a 10 ft ham radio repeater and ELT receiver maintained by the West Texas Repeater Association. On a typical day, the Organ Mountains of New Mexico can be seen along the horizon to the north. To the east, the Guadalupe Mountains rise some 100 mi in the distance. Most of the Mesilla Valley is visible to the west, including parts of El Paso and Ciudad Juárez, and most of the town of Anthony. South Franklin Mountain and the Juarez Mountains are to the south.</p><br>
<p>Anthonys Nose, the second highest peak, can be accessed from Tom Mays park by an unofficial trail originating from the C5 campsite(parking is at the same place as for the Aztec Cave trail). From the C5 campsite, the trail gradually winds uphill to the left, then goes directly up to the ridgeline across a narrow rocky pass. The trail then follows the ridgeline northward about 2 miles directly to Anthonys Nose. Although no technical gear is needed, there are a couple of difficult climbing areas along the way and the entire round trip takes about 10 hours. Once again, it is not an official trail, so it is not as well-maintained as other trails in the park.</p><br>
<p>Sever Hall is a notable building designed by famed American architect H. H. Richardson and built in the late 1870s. It is located on the grounds of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, within Harvard Yard. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, recognized as one of Richardson&#39;s mature masterpieces.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sever Hall was built from 1878 to 1880 with a gift from Anne Sever in honor of her deceased husband, James Warren Sever. It was designed as an academic building with classrooms, lecture halls, rooms for professors, etc., in a style now known as Richardsonian Romanesque though in red brick rather than stone.</p><br>
<p>The building is 176 feet and 4 inches long, by 74 feet and 4 inches wide, with a height to cornice of about 50 feet, above which the hipped roof rises a further 30 feet. It is three stories tall, with a fourth story set within the roof. The main facade (west side) features two round bays set symmetrically about an entrance within a deeply recessed semi-circular archway. The east facade is similar but with a simpler, rectangular entrance. North and south facades are relatively austere expanses punctuated with windows.</p><br>
<p>About 1.3 million bricks were used in its construction. Of these, some 100,000 form the exterior facades, which feature 60 different varieties of red molded brick, as well as elaborate brick carvings. Blood mortar was used as a joiner originally, though polybond compounds have been used in restoration efforts since 1967.</p><br>
<p>The archway admitting entrance into the west facade possesses an acoustical oddity. Whispering directly into the bricks of the archway, while standing very close to one side of the arch, can be heard clearly on the other side of the arch (approximately twelve feet away).</p><br>
<p>In recent years, there has been renewed interest in Sever Hall among architectural historians, due to Robert Venturi&#39;s comment that it is his "favorite building in America." He told Boston Globe critic Robert Campbell: "I have come to understand the validity of architecture as generic shelter rather than abstract-expressive sculpture, and as flexible loft for accommodating evolving functions.... And then I love Sever Hall also for its aesthetic tension deriving from its vital details. I could stand and look at it all day. Thank you, H.H. Richardson."</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>Sever has small classrooms and larger lecture halls, so it is mostly used as a general-purpose classroom building for humanities courses especially small sections, beginning language courses, and Harvard Extension School classes. Grossman Library, a non-circulating library serving Extension School students, is located on the third floor. The fourth floor of Sever, unnoticed by many of its students as the central stairwell does not lead to it, contains offices for Harvards Visual and Environmental Studies department. In the evenings and on weekends student groups hold meetings or run annual events. One of Severs notable annual events is Vericon, run during the break between semesters by the Harvard-Radcliffe Science-Fiction Association.</p><br>
<p>The Margaret Fuller House was the birthplace and childhood home of American transcendentalist Margaret Fuller . It is located at 71 Cherry Street, in the Old Cambridgeport Historic District area of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the neighborhood now called "Area 4" or "The Port" . The house is now a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The three-story, wooden, Federal style house was built in the early 19th century, and was Fuller&#39;s home from birth until age 16. In 1902 it became the Margaret Fuller House of Cambridge, a settlement house providing information and services to help immigrants assimilate into American culture. It is now known as the Margaret Fuller Neighborhood House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fullers parents, Timothy Fuller and Margaret Crane Fuller, were married in 1809. A few months after the wedding, they bought the three-story, Federal-style house on Cherry Street for the high price of $6,000. The couples daughter Sarah Margaret Fuller was born in this home on May 23, 1810.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Margaret Fuller House is being used to service the public in the community of Area 4 in Cambridge. It provides a free computer lab, computer classes, a food pantry, after-school services for children, meeting room space for various activities for the public and a daytime summer camp for children. A fundraiser is held every year for the MFNH called the Sweet Soul Supper to help provide money to run these services.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974 for its association with Fuller, whose publication of Woman in the Nineteenth Century in the 1840s has been described by her biographer Karen Antony as "the first considered statement of feminism in this country".</p><br>
<p>Mavrovo Lake  is situated in the Mavrovo region, in the Mavrovo and Rostuša municipality of the Republic of Macedonia, less than 100 km from Skopje. Abundant with trout, Lake Mavrovo is used for recreational activities such as swimming, boating and fishing during the summer. An additional point of interest is the half-submerged church in the lake. Spreading over an area of about 780 km&sup2, the Mavrovo National Park features deep canyons, snowy peaks and blue lakes combine with dense forests that abound with diverse wildlife. Mavrovo is one of the leading tourist areas in the country along with Ohrid, Prespa, Dojran, Popova Shapka , Pelister, and Kruševo. It was established in 1949 by a law passed by the National Assembly of Macedonia. Later the legislation was changed considerably, enforcing a much stricter protection system. According to the new law, the park is divided into three zones: strict nature reserves, managed reserves, and a tourist zone.</p><br>
<p>One of the appealing features of Mavrovo National Park is its vivid topography. The relief of the park contains three Alpine mountain systems: the Šar, Korab and Bistra mountains. They are exceptionally high, the Šar and Korab, reaching heights of more than 2700 m (the Korab peak is the highest in Macedonia with its 2,764m). These tremendous mountains are distinguished by chains of snowy, jagged peaks and broad grassy plateaus below them.</p><br>
<p>Between the three mountains extends the Radika gorge. More than 25 km long. Vertical cliffs higher than 300 m rise above the waters of the Radika river. In addition, the park area contains many other interesting natural phenomena—the highest waterfall in the Balkans (with a vertical fall of approximately 120), alpine bogs in the Šar mountains as remnants of the Ice age, rare karst relief (including beautiful caves) in the Bistra mountains, as well as numerous glacial lakes throughout the Alpine zone.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The ecology of the national park is particularly interesting. Namely, dense forest vegetation covers mountain slopes in the park, while Alpine pastures grow in the higher areas. The various climatic influences, as well as the large differences in altitude are the main contributing factors for the diversity of flora and fauna. The fact that this region is a kind of "geographical crossroads" where major changes of climate have occurred through history is a direct reason for the existence of an enormous number of relict and endemic species. Remnants of the life that existed in the Ice age or in the Tertiary coexist in one diverse environment, concealed between the jagged cliffs and peaks. In fact, the six life zones of the park (a rare phenomenon for such a small area) support 22 forest and 16 grass ecosystems. There are more than 1300 species of herbaceous plants and 145 species of trees living in them. About 40 percent of them are relict or endemic. Moreover, the park is the habitat of many rare plants (like the Crimean wild juniper) which are extinct in their natural habitat.</p><br>
<p>Nearby stands the monastery of St. John Bigorski, which with its famous carved wooden iconostasis has retained colorful folklore traditions.</p><br>
<p>This iconostasis is a sample of traditional woodcarving which can be found in the Republic of Macedonia along with the 19th-century iconostasis of the church of the Holi Saviour (Sveti Spas) in Skopje. In Galičnik, one of the largest villages in Mavrovo, folklore traditions are cherished as they had been centuries ago. As a result of its long geological history, the park abounds with relics from the tertiary and glacial epochs (even two plant species from the early tropical vegetation).</p><br>
<p>The most interesting tertiary relics are the Macedonian pine and the Whitebark pine, rare endemic conifers of the Central Balkans. This group includes the endemic Greek maple and the yew (extremely uncommon in the Mediterranean). One of the few natural habitats of the common chestnuts (an endemic Balkan tertiary relic) exists on the southern slopes of Mount Bistra. Large areas of the park are covered in forests of the Macedonian fir (a riddling hybrid fir species) which is to be found only in this part of the Balkans and is also a remnant of the late Tertiary age.</p><br>
<p>Through the Forest Reserve Jasen, the park abounds with numerous glacial relic species from the Ice age, mostly in the form of awkward herbaceous plants scattered throughout the Alpine zone. Certainly one of the most dazzling forests is the community of Norway spruce hidden deep in an inaccessible canyon of the Western Šar mountains. This forest is far beyond the southernmost point of the range of Norway spruce, indicating that a long time ago it had invaded the Mediterranean regions.</p><br>
<p>The diverse forest vegetation supports an abundance of wildlife. More than 140 species of birds (some of them very rare, like hawks, eagles and vultures) thrive in the forested areas of the park. With more than 45 species, the park is among the richest reserves of rare animals. There are bears, several types of deer, wild goats, otters, wolves, etc. Most importantly, the Mavrovo National Park is one of the three remaining habitats of the European lynx. A population of 60 specimens of this near-extinct species lives predominantly in the western and central areas of the park.</p><br>
<p>Fort McKavett State Historic Site is located in Menard County, Texas, United States. Fort McKavett was a frontier fort established as Camp on the San Saba in 1852 to protect settlers from Indian raids. The camp was renamed in honor of Captain Henry McKavett, who was killed in the Mexican-American War battle of Monterrey.</p><br>
<p>Other forts in the frontier fort system were Forts Griffin, Concho, Belknap, Chadbourne, Stockton, Davis, Bliss, Richardson, Clark, McIntosh, Inge, and Phantom Hill in Texas, and Sill in Oklahoma. Subposts or intermediate stations were also used, including Bothwick&#39;s Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>On July 4, 1971, Fort McKavett was added to the National Register of Historic Places, number 71000955.</p><br>
<p>The fort received three Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks: In 1936, marker number 4795 for the site of Fort McKavett; in 1963, marker number 1998 for Fort McKavett C.S.A. and in 1968, marker number 4642 for the Sentry Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Colonel Thomas Stanifords 8th Infantry established the post along the San Saba in March 1852, building the first structures, on 2300 acres leased for $600 per year. Thomas was soon relieved by Major Pitcairn Morrison, who was relieved by Col. Edmund B. Alexander in May 1853. The 8th Infantry was replaced by Colonel Charles A. Mays 2nd Dragoons in early 1854. The dragoons were replaced by Col. Henry Bainbridge&#39;s 1st Infantry on 15 August 1855, which remained until the fort was abandoned on 22 March 1859 under orders from General David E. Twiggs. Companies C and F were transferred to Camp Cooper. Fort McKavett was abandoned in 1859 as Indian depredation in the area decreased and civilian migration to the area slowed.</p><br>
<p>With the outbreak of the American Civil war The post was reoccupied by members of Henry McCullochs Mounted Rifles in the fall of 1861, when the site was used by the Confederate forces as a temporary prisoner-of-war camp. The soldiers imprisoned in the forts barracks were members of one of the six companies (B, E, F, H, I, and K) of the 8th Regiment of Infantry US that had been surrendered at the Battle of Adams Hill, north of San Antonio, on May 9, 1861. Fort McKavett remained a prisoner-of-war camp until the late spring of 1862, when the prisoners were transferred to Hempstead (near Houston) and then on to Camp Ford in Tyler, Texas. Elements of McCulloch&#39;s troops and members of the 31st Brigade of Texas State Troops then used the fort as a base of operations until the end of the war.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the fort was occupied by a few families left on the frontier despite Indians raiding at will. The fort was reactivated on 1 April 1868 as part of "the redeployment of a frontier military force", by Brevet L. Col. Eugene B. Beaumont&#39;s 4th Cavalry A Company, who found the conditions of the old fort "deplorable". Col. George A. Gordon assumed command on 10 April 1868, just before the arrival of Company F and Companies D, E, and I of the 38th Infantry.</p><br>
<p>Camp followers formed a town a mile north of the post. It was supposed to be named after a German merchant by the surname of Lehne, but went by the unfortunate name of "Scabtown". The historic site itself is located 23 miles west of Menard.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie assumed command of the 38th Infantry, an African American regiment, on 15 March 1869, with Lt. Col. William R. Shafter as his aide. On 1 Sept. 1869, the 38th was combined with the 41st to create the 24th Infantry under Mackenzie. Sergeant Emanuel Stance received the Medal of Honor after leading 10 troopers of the 9th Cavalry against Indians at Kickapoo Springs on 20 May 1870. Mackenzie assumed command of Fort Concho on 15 February 1871.</p><br>
<p>As in other places in the Reconstruction Era South, the fort and nearby Scabtown experienced racial tensions and violence, notably the notorious murders of three black soldiers by prosperous local rancher John M. "Humpy" Jackson and accomplices, none of whom were ever convicted by civilian authorities. The writer Robert E. Howard, a Texas history enthusiast, visited Fort McKavett some sixty years later and found local inhabitants still recalling these events - though in a biased and exaggerated version: "The arrogance of the Negro soldiers led to a fierce and bloody war between the fort and the inhabitants of the country, in which the natives had the best of it. (...) Federal soldiers found their most dangerous enemies not to be Commanches" (emphasis in the original).</p><br>
<p>The fort was connected by telegraph to Fort Concho, Fredericksburg, and San Antonio in 1875.</p><br>
<p>The trail of Captain Nicholas M. Nolan&#39;s deserters associated with his Llano Estacado disastrous reconnaissance mission took place at the fort on 27 September 1877.</p><br>
<p>The 16th Infantry, under Col. Galusha Pennypacker, arrived in March 1881, and the regiment closed the fort for good on June 30, 1883 - but with the Indian threat gone, residents stayed - unlike the previous closing.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1890s, the community had 80 citizens, a weekly paper, and two hotels. In 1904, the school had 28 students and two teachers.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s, Fort McKavetts population was about 150; it fell to 136 during the years of the Great Depression and stayed at that level until the 1960s. From a reported 103 in the 70s, it declined to a mere 45 by 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Restoration of the fort began in 1968, when the old school and one of the barracks were acquired and were under the control of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The restoration continued, and by 1990, 17 buildings had been restored. On January 1, 2008, Fort McKavett was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission. Now known as Fort McKavett State Historic Site, the area is a day-use facility of 82 acre. The site is open daily to the public.</p><br>
<p>Bastrop State Park is a state park in Bastrop County in Central Texas. The park was established in 1938 and consists of stands of loblolly pines mixed with post oak and junipers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Over 2,000 acre for the park was donated to the state by the city of Bastrop in 1938. Companies 1805 and 1811 of the Civilian Conservation Corps built many of the park facilities between 1933 and 1939 using native stone to blend with the landscape. The facilities were designed by architect Arthur Fehr.</p><br>
<p>The State of Texas purchased an additional 1,450 acre in 1979 and another 1,000 acre in 2000 to expand the golf course from 9 holes to 18 holes. Subsequent land purchases by the state in 2001 brought the park to its current size of 5,926 acre.</p><br>
<p>In September 2011, 96% of the park was burned by the Bastrop County Complex fire. Only around 100 acres were saved. Most CCC structures were saved, but were still threatened. The park was closed on September 4 due to the fire and did not reopen until December 2. In 2012, a campaign was begun to restore the forest within 30 years by replacing 4 million burned trees.</p><br>
<p>On May 25, 2015, the earthen dam impounding Bastrop State Park Lake failed after hours of heavy rain in the area. The lake emptied and flooded across Texas State Highway 71. The water moved through a subdivision south of the highway and emptied into the Colorado River.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The parks trails include an 8.5 mi loop through the parks undeveloped area. There is also an 18-hole golf course, open all year round, which winds through the forest. There is a large swimming pool open during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>Bastrop State Park is 4 mi to the west of Buescher State Park, and the two are connected by Park Road 1.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The main feature of the park is the stands of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda). This pine woodland is isolated from the main body of East Texas pines by approximately 100 mi of post oak (Quercus stellata) woodlands giving the Bastrop State Park Loblollies the nickname the "Lost Pines of Texas."</p><br>
<p>In the forested areas, numerous species of fungi may be found, such as Pycnoporus cinnabarinus.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Bastrop State Park is home to the largest mating group of the endangered Houston toad on public land. Areas of the park are closed to the public during the toad&#39;s mating season in February, March and April. The park also has white-tailed deer, rabbits, squirrels, Virginia opossums and nine-banded armadillos. Northern cardinals are one of the species of birds found in the park.</p><br>
<p>The F.E. Company Dredge No. 4, also known as the Pedro Dredge and the Chicken Dredge, was originally owned by the Fairbanks Exploration Company , a subsidiary of the United States Smelting Refining & Mining Co. . It was built by the Yuba Manufacturing Company in California, and was shipped to Pedro Creek north of Fairbanks, Alaska in 1938. It was assembled there, and operated until 1958.</p><br>
<p>The following year it was disassembled, trucked to Chicken, Alaska and reassembled. The dredge commenced operations on lower Chicken Creek in September and worked for approximately five months every year thereafter until October 1967, when it produced its final cleanup.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the 500 ton dredge was moved overland to its current location at the Chicken Gold Camp.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the dredge was added to the National Register of Historic Places and was opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>Luther Pass  is a mountain pass in California in the Sierra Nevada, between the Carson River basin to the southeast and Lake Tahoe to the northwest. It is traversed by State Route 89 and lies on the boundary between Alpine County  and El Dorado County . The pass crosses a mountain spur that links the Sierra Crest, the main ridge of the Sierra Nevada to the southwest of the pass, with the Carson Range to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The pass is named after Ira M. Luther, one of the "Irish Brigade" described by Mark Twain in Roughing It. In 1854, Luther traversed the pass by covered wagon; he was also involved in later efforts to use the pass as the route for the Central Pacific Railroad. The initial route for the Pony Express across the Sierra Nevada in 1860 connected Placerville and Lake Valley across Luther pass to Woodfords and thence to Nevada, but the route was quickly changed to use the Kingsbury Grade instead.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays, during the ski season, the pass serves as an important connection between South Lake Tahoe and USA Route 50, to the north of the pass, and the Kirkwood ski area to the south. In the summer, Luther Pass forms part of a route from Placerville and Route 50 to USA Route 395 and the eastern Sierra, via Monitor Pass, but this route is closed in the winter.</p><br>
<p>The Los Angeles Theatre is a 2,000 seat historic movie palace at 615 S. Broadway in the historic Broadway Theater District in Downtown Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This Los Angeles Theatre was constructed in late 1930 and early 1931. It was commissioned by H.L. Gumbiner, an independent film exhibitor from Chicago, who also built the nearby Tower Theatre. Designed by S. Charles Lee, and Samuel Tilden Norton, the theater features a French Baroque interior. With its grand central staircase, and gold brocade drapes it has for many years been considered to be among the city&#39;s most lavish landmarks. The opulent interior is said to have been modeled after the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles. A crystal fountain stood at the head of the grand staircase, and a restaurant and a ballroom were on the lower level.</p><br>
<p>Construction was completed in less than six months and cost $1.5 million. With only thirty days to go before the scheduled premiere, the entire theater was constructed off-site and swung in, slotted between the existing buildings. It was the last such movie palace built on Broadway, as the area began to feel the effects of the Depression and faced competition from Hollywood Blvd. as the "Great White Way of the West". Attendance was strong through World War II, when many factory workers would see shows before and after their shifts. With the postwar suburbanization of Los Angeles, attendance declined throughout the later decades of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>After closing its doors to the public in 1994, the Los Angeles has for many years sat vacant, although it can be rented as a venue for special events. The theater is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Los Angeles is most often today used as a location for filming and is frequently seen in commercials, television shows and feature films. It has been featured in New York, New York (1977); Man on the Moon (1999); Charlies Angels (2000) and its sequel, Charlies Angels: Full Throttle (2003); the AMC series Mad Men; among many others, and is used in the back drop on the new set of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, as well as the music video of Safe and Sound (Capital Cities song) (2013).</p><br>
<p>The theatre&#39;s façade and marquee design was used as the inspiration for that of the Hyperion Theatre at Disney California Adventure in Anaheim.</p><br>
<p>The Central Park West Historic District is located in Manhattan, New York City, United States along historic Central Park West, between 61st and 97th Streets. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1982. The district encompasses a portion of the Upper West Side-Central Park West Historic District as designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and contains a number of prominent New York City landmarks, including The Dakota Apartments, a National Historic Landmark. The buildings date from the late 19th century to the early 1940s and exhibit a variety of architectural styles. The majority of the district&#39;s buildings are of neo-Italian Renaissance style, but Art Deco is a popular theme as well.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Central Park West Historic District was federally recognized on November 9, 1982, when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. However, the area has a preservation history that predates the 1982 listing by almost ten years. In 1973 the New York Landmarks Preservation Commission (NYLPC) designated a T-shaped area, which included one block of West 76th Street, two adjacent blocks of Central Park West and a short stretch of West 77th Street, as the Central Park West-76th Street Historic District. The local designation and boundaries persisted well past the 1982 National Register listing.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 the NYLPC formally extended the local boundaries of the Central Park West-76th Street Historic District to include almost all of the area included in the boundaries of the federal historic district. The much larger Upper West Side-Central Park West Historic District includes the area from 96th Street to 62nd Street and Central Park West to Amsterdam Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The Central Park West Historic District is a linear historic district including the stretch of Central Park West from 61st to 97th Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The expanse of Central Park West between 61st and 97th Streets is a mixture of late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural styles. By far the district&#39;s most dominant style is Neo-Renaissance, mostly neo-Italian Renaissance though there are German and Flemish Renaissance influences found in some of the structures. Art Deco, Second Empire, Beaux-Arts and Neoclassical architecture are all found in multiple buildings. Gothic and Romanesque Revival influences can be found combined with other styles in some of the buildings as well as on their own. A few Queen Anne, Art Moderne and Italianate buildings dot the streetscape of Central Park West.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>Of the buildings within the boundaries of the historic district only one was considered a non-contributing property to the historic character of the district when it was nominated to the National Register: the building located at 80 Central Park West, a 1965 modern building. The area within the district is home to nearly 40 high-quality, luxury apartment highrises. Sprinkled within the residential buildings are four Christian churches, one synagogue, several smaller-scale, multi-family houses, the New York Society for Ethical Culture, the New York Historical Society and the American Museum of Natural History.</p><br>
<h3>Contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>These properties are contributing properties to the Central Park West Historic District. In general this means that they add to the historic character of the historic district.</p><br>
<h3>Non-contributing properties</h3><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Central Park West Historic District is significant, in regards to the National Register, for its architecture and its character as a cohesive residential area. The district is located along one of the city&#39;s finest residential streets and consists mostly of apartment buildings which are among some of the earliest in New York.</p><br>
<p>With the 1990 local boundary increase the NYLPC developed the theme that the strength of the historic district lay in its diversity. The Commission called the buildings in the district brashly "commercial" and "stylistically diverse." The Commission went on to stress the importance of the district&#39;s special skyline that challenged the whole of the New York skyline. "The stylistically diverse buildings of Central Park West create a streetscape and a skyline which is exuberant and varied as to scale, height and form," the Commission stated.</p><br>
<p>Church of Holy Trinity is an Anglican church in Hotwells, Bristol, England. It has been designated as a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1829 by Charles Robert Cockerell with an interior by T Burrough and consecrated on 10 November 1830.</p><br>
<p>The interior forms a rectangle about 85 by and Cockerell used Wren&#39;s method of space division based on eight structural columns.</p><br>
<p>The church was completely rebuilt after being gutted during the Bristol Blitz of World War II. Nothing survives of the original cruciform, galleried interior, except the use of a shallow glazed dome. The south front of the building which faces the main A4 road has a symmetrical design of five round arched windows. There is a central porch with Doric pilasters.</p><br>
<p>Since the rebuilding in the 1950s a kitchen, toilets and office space have been added. In 2004 the roof was repaired and asbestos removed from the dome. The pews can be moved for concerts and special services.</p><br>
<p>The parish and benefice is part of the Diocese of Bristol.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Parish records of Holy Trinity church, Hotwells, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P.HTC) () including baptism and marriage registers. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, churchwardens, parochial church council, schools and vestry, plus plans and photographs.</p><br>
<p>The Trinity Centre, formerly the Holy Trinity Church, in Lawrence Hill, Bristol is designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building. The building is protected by a covenant, which states that it is to only be used for community, arts, youth and education services. This covenant has influenced much of the building&#39;s recent use as an arts and community venue.</p><br>
<h2>Holy Trinity Church</h2><br>
<p>The church was built between 1829 and 1832 by Thomas Rickman and Henry Hutchinson,</p><br>
<p>The church is built using Bath stone in a Perpendicular style, a style of English Gothic architecture characterised by its strong emphasis on the vertical elements and its linear design.</p><br>
<p>It has two octagonal bell towers with open turrets on the west face of the building. The towers sit on either side of the main entrance and the west window. During a period when the building sat empty, the bells were taken and either sold for scrap or to another church. The towers now sit empty and are occupied only by bats and pigeons.</p><br>
<p>The original bells and fittings were replaced with new ones in April 1927. The work was carried out by local firm Llewellins & James Ltd of Castle Green. It cost £47 10s for bells and labour although an additional £3 10s was incurred when the workmen realised that they had to remove the floor of the towers to get the new bells in.</p><br>
<p>The Holy Trinity Church had 2,200 seats with 1,500 of these being free.</p><br>
<h3>Spoils of War</h3><br>
<p>The Napoleonic War against France, which had raged for 12 years ended in 1815, with the defeat of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo. With victory came money for Britain and her allies.</p><br>
<p>In 1818, £1,000,000 was given by Parliament to build new churches across the country. In 1824, a further £500,000 was given to continue with the mass build. The acts became known as the Million and Half Million Acts. Churches built as a result of these acts became known as Million, Half Million, or Waterloo churches.</p><br>
<h3>Design and build</h3><br>
<p>and cart and three figures.</p><br>
<p>£6,000 was given to the out parish of St Philip&#39;s with a further £2,200 raised by the laymen. This and other sources brought the total cost of the build to £9,020 19s. 4d.</p><br>
<p>The church took 26 months of hard work to build. The foundation stone was laid on 22 September 1829, by the Lord Mayor John Cave. The consecration of the completed church took place by the Bishop of Bristol on 17 February 1832.</p><br>
<p>Later work was carried out on the building circa 1882 by John Bevan and in 1905 by William Venn Gough.</p><br>
<h3>Graveyard</h3><br>
<p>Due to the relatively small size of Trinity&#39;s graveyard, when graves were dug, they were dug deep and coffins were stacked on top of each other to maximise the use of space.</p><br>
<p>When the church was deconsecrated the coffins were exhumed and moved to other graveyards such as Arnos Vale Cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Crime</h3><br>
<p>In the 19th Century there was no provision for street lighting or for constables to patrol after dark. Hand-in-hand with this went crime. Attempts to curb crime by making the death penalty a mandatory sentence for even the smallest capital felony had little perceived impact. Local authorities felt the way to address the problem was to engage the spiralling population in Christian worship, and the Holy Trinity Church was built.</p><br>
<p>On 24 April 1869, policeman PC Richard Hill 273 was stabbed to death by 19-year-old local labourer William Pullin.</p><br>
<p>Thousands of people turned up to his funeral at Trinity, lining the streets all the way from the church to the burial at Arnos Vale. Pullin would have hanged had it not been for the intervention of more than 7,000 individuals petitioning for mercy on his behalf, on the grounds that he was a young man of good nature who had come to this terrible act due to circumstance.</p><br>
<p>A marble memorial tablet that once resided in the Holy Trinity Church can now be found in the foyer of Old Market&#39;s Trinity Road police station, which reads: In memory of Richard Hill, police constable of this city, who was murdered whilst in the execution of his duty in Gloucester Lane, 24 April 1869, aged 31 years, and was interred in Arnos Vale Cemetery. This tablet was erected as a mark of esteem by his brother officers and inhabitants of the city. A brave man: PC Richard Hill was not forgotten.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Parish records for Holy Trinity church, St Philip&#39;s, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P.HT) () including baptism, marriage and burial registers. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, vestry, parochial church council, churchwardens, charities, Easton Christian Family Centre, schools and societies plus photographs.</p><br>
<h2>1960s</h2><br>
<p>The Holy Trinity Church of St Philip & St Jacob finally closed due to dwindling congregations and lack of money. The building sat empty for a decade, spiralling ever further into disrepair, due to vandalism and looting.</p><br>
<h2>1970s</h2><br>
<p>Discontent amongst black and minority ethnic young people escalated due to unemployment and increasing clashes with the police.</p><br>
<p>Local leaders looking to ease tensions agreed for Trinity to be deconsecrated and given to the public, for use as a community centre, with a focus on activities for young people.</p><br>
<p>The building was transferred to the African-Caribbean Community Association (also known as the Bristol Caribbean Community Enterprise Group) with a 50-year lease, under the management of Mr Roy de Freitas. The group carried out extensive repairs and alternations to the building, including the installation of a second floor. On 1 July 1978, the same day as St Paul&#39;s Festival, now called Carnival, Trinity Community Centre was opened to the public.</p><br>
<h2>1980s</h2><br>
<p>The Trinity Centre&#39;s early years as a community centre and music venue were set against a backdrop of rising local tensions, culminating in the St. Pauls riot.</p><br>
<p>During the early part of this decade, the centre provided a much needed outlet for local youth culture, hosting nights of dub and reggae from the likes of Jah Shaka and Quaker City, and playing host to some of the biggest domestic and international music stars of the time, notably from the punk and new wave genres, such as U2, Crass, The Cramps, Echo and the Bunnymen, Joy Division and New Order alongside local favourites such as The Stingrays and Disorder.</p><br>
<p>As a music venue, Trinity was a melting pot for the different styles popular at the time, from reggae through ska to punk. From this came a post-punk scene which blended many of these influences. Trinity saw regular performances from local acts such as Mark Stewart and The Pop Group, who through their collaborations with artists and producers from the reggae scene, as well as artists such as On-U Sound System and Gary Clail laid the foundations for the later trip hop genre, known as the "Bristol Sound".</p><br>
<p>In 1984 the African-Caribbean Community Association went into insolvency due to financial mismanagement, with large bank and Inland Revenue debts. Allegations were rife Mr de Freitas had embezzled funds and fled to Jamaica, though it eventually transpired that he was in fact living with his sister in Clevedon, having sold his own house to invest in a cafe for the centre, which he had hoped would help to pay off Trinity&#39;s debts.</p><br>
<p>The 50-year lease that had been granted to the community was prematurely terminated and by default the building was transferred to the local council.</p><br>
<h2>1990s</h2><br>
<p>After a spell of sitting empty, the building was put out to tender by Bristol City Council and was taken on by the New Trinity Community Association in 1991. The new tenants and a dedicated team of volunteers began an extensive round of development and renovations, which included the installation of the sprung wooden floor downstairs, and new railings.</p><br>
<p>The Centre reopened in 1992, and under this new management Trinity again gained international fame as an important landmark in the globally exported Bristol Sound, prominent during this era, playing host to local acts such as Roni Size, Smith & Mighty and Portishead.</p><br>
<p>As well as the successful music nights there were also daytime community activities. From bingo madness to a boxing club the two levels provided a much needed space for everyone to use.</p><br>
<p>Shifting funds away from community centres towards Millennium Projects coupled with a series of financial problems, echoing those which led to the demise of the previous group, Trinity was forced to close once again in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 2001, Trinity Community Arts formed to reopen the Trinity Centre. Funding was received through the Bristol Objective 2 Action Plan – a strategic development fund across the City, designed to address social, economic and environmental decline and disadvantage – to improve access within the building and make it fit for use by the community. Since reopening in 2004, it has become a prominent arts venue within Bristol.</p><br>
<p>The Centre is continuing in its tradition as a Bristol community hub and music venue, as well as providing recording and broadcast studios, and training around media arts and technology, run almost entirely upon free, open source software.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 the team at the Trinity Centre began an application to the Big Lottery Reaching Community Fund of £460,000 for building renovations that would improve accessibility, range of possible activities and quality for users within the building. This application was completed and accepted in 2012 and included renovation of the upstairs hall ( Fyfe Hall ), a more accessible reception area and the creation of a community common room that will allow residents to access the Internet, hold meetings and run workshops within their community. Building work started in 2013 and are due to be completed in 2014.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 Trinity Community Arts gained a licence to perform civil ceremonies and now can hold weddings under the Civil Partnership Act of 2004. The last wedding ceremony held at the centre prior to this was on 20 March 1976, two weeks before its closure at the Holy Trinity Church on 6 April 1976.</p><br>
<p>St Georges Church is a former church in Great George Street, off Park Street, on the lower slopes of Brandon Hill in Bristol, England. Since 1999 it has been used as a music venue known as St Georges Bristol. It was built in the 1820s by Sir Robert Smirke. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St George&#39;s was built for use as a church in the Clifton area of Bristol, England, between 1821 and 1823 by the architect Sir Robert Smirke, who designed it in the Greek Revival style. It was a "Waterloo church", the only one in Bristol to receive government money from the first grant under the Church Building Act of 1818.</p><br>
<p>It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the church underwent extensive renovations to make it suitable for use as a full-time concert venue and it re-opened that October under the name by which it is now known, St George&#39;s Bristol.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Parish records for St George&#39;s church, Brandon Hill, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P.St GB) () including baptism and marriage registers and one burial register. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, churchwardens, parochial church council and charities, plus plans and photographs.</p><br>
<h2>Concert venue since 1999</h2><br>
<p>In 1976 St Georges Music Trust was formed and in succeeding years they established the church as a major concert venue, initially known as St Georges, Brandon Hill. The main body of the church seats 562 people and the crypt has been transformed into a bar and recording studios which are regularly used by the BBC.</p><br>
<p>The 1999 renovations were extensive. They included replacing the auditorium pews with padded chairs, making the pews in the gallery more comfortable for concert seating, creating a box office and removing the font which was donated to the Church of St Mary on the Quay.</p><br>
<p>St George&#39;s Bristol is particularly known for presenting classical, jazz, folk, world music and opera and stages more than 200 events every year, regularly attracting artists of international note including Angela Hewitt, Nicola Benedetti, Mark Padmore, plus The Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment (in Spring/Summer of 2010) and Viktoria Mullova, Stephen Hough, Paul Lewis, Christian Blackshaw, Janis Ian, Abdullah Ibrahim and Marc Almond (in Autumn 2011). In addition, regular performances are given by local professional groups such as the Bristol Ensemble and amateur orchestras and choirs.</p><br>
